Dengue enfermedad reemergente

El Dengue es una enfermedad producida por un virus del tipo arbovirus, que tiene cuatro serotipos y es transmitido por un vector, existen cuatro variedades de dengue: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 y DENV-4, siendo el vector más frecuente el Aedes aegypti. Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud clasifica a esta enfermedad como aquella con o sin signos de alarma, con la finalidad de disminuir la letalidad. Esta enfermedad se circunscribe en áreas tropicales y subtropicales y en la actualidad se estima que esta en más de 100 países con carácter endémico, es más en los últimos 50 años ha aumentado 30 veces más en países no afectados, sobretodo en países mas pobres donde las condiciones socioeconómicas son factores importantes para que se establezca esta enfermedad. Uno de los factores importantes para la implementación de esta enfermedad es el cambio climático y el crecimiento poblacional y urbanización no controlada. En la región las Américas y en Asia el patrón es similar. La tasa de letalidad en las Américas presento una mayor tasa en Países como Brasil, Guatemala, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú y Republica Dominicana. Confirmándose la circulación de los cuatro serotipos y en mucho de ellos en forma simultánea. En el Perú esta enfermedad se describe desde los años 1700, considerándose como enfermedad reemergente desde el siglo XX, en la actualidad se reporta en todo el país la presencia del vector Aedes aegypti, siendo la región Amazónica y la costa norte del Perú las más afectadas. Desde el 2010 hay presentación de casos graves y fatales. El primer caso detecatado en Lima fue en el año 2000, en distritos populosos como la Victoria, el Agustino entre otros. Se detectó cinco haplotipos del vector en nuestro pais, con el mismo comportamiento peridomiciliario Uno de los problemas actuales en esta enfermedad es la Resistencia a los insecticidas por el vector especialmente en los piretroides. El Dengue virus consiste en una molécula de RNA, de simple cadena, polaridad positiva de aproximadamente 11 kb, que codifica para tres proteínas estructurales (C, prM/M, E) y siete proteínas no estructurales (NS) en el siguiente orden 5’-C-prM-E-NS1-NS2A-NS2B-NS3-NS4A-NS4BNS5-3’. Los aspectos clínicos de la enfermedad del dengue sigue su curso normal desde la aparición de los primeros síntomas hasta ocasionar graves problemas incluyendo shock, hemorragia entre otros. Además de ello se asocia Apoptosis en LT también provocando daños en células endoteliales, hepatocitos, neuronas, entre otros. El diagnóstico de la enfermedad se da indirecta y directamente con tecnología desde ELISA,IF,PCR y pruebas inmunológicas. En la actualidad existen muchas pruebas rápidas que sirven como screening de la enfermedad dando diagnósticos rápidos. Todas estas características y su poder de cambio estructural le dan las condiciones para ser una enfermedad reemergente de alto impacto en salud pública

New records of Ascomycota in the Northwestern Argentinean Yungas

We report new records for nine species of ascomycetes from the Yungas of northwestern Argentina. Capronia nigerrima, Capronia pulcherrima and Rosellinia dingleyae are new records for South America. Byssosphaeria rhodomphala, Camarops tubulina, Cercophora ambigua, Chaetosphaerella phaeostroma, Tubeufia, cylindrothecia are new species for Argentina, and Togninia minima is a new record for the biome.Fil: Gallo, María Cecilia Fátima. Fundación Miguel Lillo; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucuman. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto Miguel Lillo; ArgentinaFil: Robledo, Gerardo Lucio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (p); ArgentinaFil: Romero, Andrea Irene. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Plantas Tóxicas y Medicinales, Metabolismo de Compuestos Sintéticos y Naturales - Hongos que Intervienen en la Degradación Biológica; ArgentinaFil: Catania, Myriam del V.. Fundación Miguel Lillo; Argentin

Bioelectricity through microbial fuel cells using avocado waste

The dumping of organic waste in the areas surrounding food supply centers and the excessive use of fossil fuels for energy generation have generated major pollution problems worldwide. One of the novel solutions is the use of organic waste for electricity generation through the use of microbial fuel cell technology. In this research, low-cost, laboratory-scale, doublechamber microbial fuel cells were fabricated using zinc and copper as electrodes and avocado waste as fuel. Current and voltage values of 3.7326 ± 0.05568 mA and 0.74 ± 0.02121 V were achieved on the seventh day, with an optimum operating pH of 5.98 ± 0.16 and a maximum electrical conductivity of 94.46 ± 5.12 mS/cm. The cells showed a very low operating resistance of 71.480 , indicating the good electrical conductivity of the electrodes. Likewise, a power density of 566.80 ± 13.48 mW/cm2 at a current density of 5.165 A/cm2 was generated. This research provides an eco-friendly solution to farmers and companies dedicated to the export and import of this fruit because it shows the benefits of using their own waste for the generation of electricity, reducing costs

Preliminary Study of Bioelectricity Generation Using Lettuce Waste as Substrate by Microbial Fuel Cells

"Agricultural waste negatively impacts the environment and generates economic difficulties for agro-industrial companies and farmers. As a result, it is necessary for an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to managing this type of waste. Therefore, the research aimed to investigate lettuce waste as an alternative substrate to generate bioelectricity in single-chamber microbial fuel cells (scMFCs). It was possible to report voltage and electric current peaks of 0.959 ± 0.026 V and 5.697 ± 0.065 mA on the fourteenth day, values that were attained with an optimum pH of 7.867 ± 0.147 and with an electrical conductivity of 118.964 ± 8.888 mS/cm. Moreover, as time passed the values began to decline slowly. The calculated value of maximum power density was 378.145 ± 5.417 mW/cm2 whose current density was 5.965 A/cm2 , while the internal resistance reported using Ohm’s Law was 87.594 ± 6.226 Ω. Finally, it was possible to identify the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacterium (99.59%) on a molecular scale, as one of the microorganisms present in the anodic biofilm. The three microbial fuel cells were connected in series and demonstrated that they were capable of lighting an LED bulb, with a voltage of 2.18 V.

Nivel de conocimientos y su relación con las actitudes y prácticas preventivas del Zika

Objetivo. Este estudio descriptivo correlacional de corte transversal; se realizó para determinar el nivel de conocimientos y su relación con las actitudes y prácticas preventivas del Zika en el distrito de Chepen - La Libertad Perú. 2017. Materiales y métodos. Se aplicó un cuestionario sobre conocimiento, actitudes y prácticas preventivas en una muestra de 284 personas adultas, con una edad promedio de 37 años. Resultados. Los resultados demuestran que el nivel de conocimiento general sobre zika fue regular en un 79% y bueno en un 21%. En cuanto a las prácticas preventivas de zika más comunes que realizan los habitantes de Chepén, un 83% mencionan que lavan frecuentemente los depósitos de agua, 77% usan cepillo y detergente para lavar los depósitos con agua y 75% coloca una tapa sobre los depósitos con agua. Conclusiones. El nivel de conocimiento tiene una relación significativa con las practicas preventivas del zika (p0.05)

Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors Modulate Microglia Function and Amyloid Dynamics in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease

The distribution and roles of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor in the CNS are still a matter of debate. Recent data suggest that, in addition to its presence in microglial cells, the CB2 receptor may be also expressed at low levels, yet biologically relevant, in other cell types such as neurons. It is accepted that the expression of CB2 receptors in the CNS is low under physiological conditions and is significantly elevated in chronic neuroinflammatory states associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. By using a novel mouse model (CB2EGFP/f/f), we studied the distribution of cannabinoid CB2 receptors in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (by generating 5xFAD/CB2EGFP/f/f mice) and explored the roles of CB2 receptors in microglial function. We used a novel selective and brain penetrant CB2 receptor agonist (RO6866945) as well as mice lacking the CB2 receptor (5xFAD/CB2-/-) for these studies. We found that CB2 receptors are expressed in dystrophic neurite-associated microglia and that their modulation modifies the number and activity of microglial cells as well as the metabolism of the insoluble form of the amyloid peptide. These results support microglial CB2 receptors as potential targets for the development of amyloid-modulating therapies.Funding The present work has been supported by a grant from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (ref PID2019-108992RB-I00 and ref PID2019-107548RB-I00) to JR and PG, respectively, by the Basque Government (ref IT1230-19) to PG, and the Research and Education Component of the Advancing a Healthier Wisconsin Endowment at the Medical College of Wisconsin to CJH

Detection of cannabinoid receptor type 2 in native cells and zebrafish with a highly potent, cell-permeable fluorescent probe.

Despite its essential role in the (patho)physiology of several diseases, CB2R tissue expression profiles and signaling mechanisms are not yet fully understood. We report the development of a highly potent, fluorescent CB2R agonist probe employing structure-based reverse design. It commences with a highly potent, preclinically validated ligand, which is conjugated to a silicon-rhodamine fluorophore, enabling cell permeability. The probe is the first to preserve interspecies affinity and selectivity for both mouse and human CB2R. Extensive cross-validation (FACS, TR-FRET and confocal microscopy) set the stage for CB2R detection in endogenously expressing living cells along with zebrafish larvae. Together, these findings will benefit clinical translatability of CB2R based drugs

A factorial randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of micronutrients supplementation and regular aerobic exercise on maternal endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and oxidative stress of the newborn

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Many studies have suggested a relationship between metabolic abnormalities and impaired fetal growth with the development of non-transmissible chronic diseases in the adulthood. Moreover, it has been proposed that maternal factors such as endothelial function and oxidative stress are key mechanisms of both fetal metabolic alterations and subsequent development of non-transmissible chronic diseases. The objective of this project is to evaluate the effect of micronutrient supplementation and regular aerobic exercise on endothelium-dependent vasodilation maternal and stress oxidative of the newborn.</p> <p>Methods and design</p> <p>320 pregnant women attending to usual prenatal care in Cali, Colombia will be included in a factorial randomized controlled trial. Women will be assigned to the following intervention groups: <it>1. Control group: </it>usual prenatal care (PC) and placebo (maltodextrine). <it>2. Exercise group: </it>PC, placebo and aerobic physical exercise. <it>3. Micronutrients group: </it>PC and a micronutrients capsule consisting of zinc (30 mg), selenium (70 μg), vitamin A (400 μg), alphatocopherol (30 mg), vitamin C (200 mg), and niacin (100 mg)<it>. 4. Combined interventions Group: </it>PC, supplementation of micronutrients, and aerobic physical exercise. Anthropometric measures will be taken at the start and at the end of the interventions.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>Since in previous studies has been showed that the maternal endothelial function and oxidative stress are related to oxidative stress of the newborn, this study proposes that complementation with micronutrients during pregnancy and/or regular physical exercise can be an early and innovative alternative to strengthen the prevention of chronic diseases in the population.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p><a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00872365">NCT00872365</a>.</p

Individual Shrink Wrapping of Zucchini Fruit Improves Postharvest Chilling Tolerance Associated with a Reduction in Ethylene Production and Oxidative Stress Metabolites

We have studied the effect of individual shrink wrapping (ISW) on the postharvest performance of refrigerated fruit from two zucchini cultivars that differ in their sensitivity to cold storage: Sinatra (more sensitive) and Natura (more tolerant). The fruit was individually shrink wrapped before storing at 4°C for 0, 7 and 14 days. Quality parameters, ethylene and CO2 productions, ethylene gene expression, and oxidative stress metabolites were assessed in shrink wrapped and non-wrapped fruit after conditioning the fruit for 6 hours at 20°C. ISW decreased significantly the postharvest deterioration of chilled zucchini in both cultivars. Weight loss was reduced to less than 1%, pitting symptoms were completely absent in ISW fruit at 7 days, and were less than 25% those of control fruits at 14 days of cold storage, and firmness loss was significantly reduced in the cultivar Sinatra. These enhancements in quality of ISW fruit were associated with a significant reduction in cold-induced ethylene production, in the respiration rate, and in the level of oxidative stress metabolites such as hydrogen peroxide and malonyldialdehyde (MDA). A detailed expression analysis of ethylene biosynthesis, perception and signaling genes demonstrated a downregulation of CpACS1 and CpACO1 genes in response to ISW, two genes that are upregulated by cold storage. However, the expression patterns of six other ethylene biosynthesis genes (CpACS2 to CpACS7) and five ethylene signal transduction pathway genes (CpCTR1, CpETR1, CpERS1, CpEIN3.1 and CpEN3.2), suggest that they do not play a major role in response to cold storage and ISW packaging. In conclusion, ISW zucchini packaging resulted in improved tolerance to chilling concomitantly with a reduction in oxidative stress, respiration rate and ethylene production, as well as in the expression of ethylene biosynthesis genes, but not of those involved in ethylene perception and sensitivity.This work was supported by grants AGL2011-30568-C02/ALI from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, and AGR1423 from the Consejería de Economía, Innovación y Ciencia, Junta de Andalucía, Spain. Z.M. acknowledges FPU program scholarships from MEC, Spain. S.M. is funded by grant PTA2011-479-I from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation