Allelopathy Effect of the Blue Diatom HasleaOstrearia (Gaillon) Simonsen: Growth Inhibition in Aquaculture Relevant Microalgae

We are well known that the marine pennate diatom Hasleaostrearia (Gaillon) Simonsen produces the blue-green pigment called marennine. Marennine was identified as a polyphenolic compound. This compound is capable to inhibit the growth of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and several bacteria, including pathogens as Vibrio sp. The aim of this study was to determine how strong the allelophatic effect of marennine is generated byH. ostrearia and identifying its minimal concentration that inhibits the growth of other microalgae. The experiment consisted of two phases of research activities. The first phase was biovolumecomparaison between H. ostrearia and microalgae suitable for aquaculture tested to take into account the differences in size of the microalgae tested(Tetraselmissuecica, Chaetocerosgracilis, Skeletonemacostatum, PavlovalutheriandIsochrysisgalbana (T-Iso) in term of H. ostrearia biomass and production of marennine. The second phase was the bioactivity tests, which is include growth kinetics, allelophatic effects and concentration of marennine in the culture medium, measured with spectrophotometer. The results of this study showed that H. ostrearia could inhibit several species of microalgae currently used in aquaculture (T. suecica, C. gracilis and S. costatum). The statistical analysis (One way ANOVA) showed that there are significant differences (P < 0, 05) between treatments andwhen co-cultured with H. ostrearia, these microalgae exhibited a significant growth inhibition. The highest inhibition value was 97.77% (on the treatementH. ostrearia+C. gracilis). In this treatment, the concentration of marennine in the culture was 5.35 mg L-1. According to the results, we can conclude that the supernatant of H. ostrearia with marennine acts as an allelochemical. The minimal concentration is 0.23 mg L-1 and the highest is 5.35 mg L-1. The treatments H. ostreariawithP. lutheri and T-Iso did not performed any inhibition

Hammerhead flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae, Bipaliinae): mitochondrial genomes and description of two new species from France, Italy, and Mayotte

Background: New records of alien land planarians are regularly reported worldwide, and some correspond to undescribed species of unknown geographic origin. The description of new species of land planarians (Geoplanidae) should classically be based on both external morphology and histology of anatomical structures, especially the copulatory organs, ideally with the addition of molecular data. Methods: Here, we describe the morphology and reproductive anatomy of a species previously reported as Diversibipalium “black”, and the morphology of a species previously reported as Diversibipalium “blue”. Based on next generation sequencing, we obtained the complete mitogenome of five species of Bipaliinae, including these two species. Results: The new species Humbertium covidum n. sp. (syn: Diversibipalium “black” of Justine et al., 2018) is formally described on the basis of morphology, histology and mitogenome, and is assigned to Humbertium on the basis of its reproductive anatomy. The type-locality is Casier, Italy, and other localities are in the Department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France; some published or unpublished records suggest that this species might also be present in Russia, China, and Japan. The mitogenomic polymorphism of two geographically distinct specimens (Italy vs France) is described; the cox1 gene displayed 2.25% difference. The new species Diversibipalium mayottensis n. sp. (syn: Diversibipalium “blue” of Justine et al., 2018) is formally described on the basis of external morphology and complete mitogenome and is assigned to Diversibipalium on the basis of an absence of information on its reproductive anatomy. The type- and only known locality is the island of Mayotte in the Mozambique Channel off Africa. Phylogenies of bipaliine geoplanids were constructed on the basis of SSU, LSU, mitochondrial proteins and concatenated sequences of cox1, SSU and LSU. In all four phylogenies, D. mayottensis was the sister-group to all the other bipaliines. With the exception of D. multilineatum which could not be circularised, the complete mitogenomes of B. kewense, B. vagum, B. adventitium, H. covidum and D. mayottensis were colinear. The 16S gene in all bipaliine species was problematic because usual tools were unable to locate its exact position. Conclusion: Next generation sequencing, which can provide complete mitochondrial genomes as well as traditionally used genes such as SSU, LSU and cox1, is a powerful tool for delineating and describing species of Bipaliinae when the reproductive structure cannot be studied, which is sometimes the case of asexually reproducing invasive species. The unexpected position of the new species D. mayottensis as sister-group to all other Bipaliinae in all phylogenetic analyses suggests that the species could belong to a new genus, yet to be described

Three new Achnanthidium (Bacillariophyceae) species from Lake Salda (Anatolia, Turkey), a deep soda lake

[EN] Background and aims – Kützing separated the genus Achnanthidium from the genus Achnanthes based on two species: Achnanthes minutissima and Achnanthidium microcephalum. These two genera were distinguished by the presence of stalks in the Achnanthes genus and their absence in Achnanthidium. Before electron microscopy, the difference between Achnanthes and Achnanthidium was not clear, especially in Achnanthidium minustissimum sensu lato. The aim of the study is to describe three new species of Achnanthidium from Lake Salda. Material and methods – Lake Salda is located in southwestern Anatolia, in Turkey. The diatoms were collected seasonally from four stations in the lake between 2016 and 2020, from different substrata (epipelic, epiphytic, and epilithic). Key results – Three new species belonging to the genus Achnanthidium have been found in Lake Salda, Turkey. Based on the morphological observations, all new taxa are part of the Achnanthidium minutissimum complex. Achnanthidium barlasii sp. nov. and A. dumlupinarii sp. nov. show a high degree of similarity to each other, but can be separated based on valve outline and a denser areolation, especially in striae close to the apices of the raphe valve. Both species can be distinguished from A. minutissimum based on more separate apices and less elliptic valves. In the case of A. dumlupinarii sp. nov., large specimens show slight undulations of the valve, which is a unique feature. Achnanthidium anatolicum sp. nov. is the most characteristic based on its valve width, broadly rounded valve apices, and almost straight valves in girdle view. All newly described Achnanthidium species can be found in lentic environments, with alkaline water and high calcium ion content. Conclusion – The newly described taxa occurred in the unique habitat of a soda lake. The environment of the lake is highly alkaline, rich in magnesium and calcium, and derived from limestone and dolomitic limestone rocksS

Nitzschia anatoliensis sp. nov., a cryptic diatom species from the highly alkaline Van Lake (Turkey)

In this article we describe Nitzschia anatoliensis Górecka, Gastineau & Solak sp. nov., an example of a diatom species inhabiting extreme habitats. The new species has been isolated and successfully grown from the highly alkaline Van Lake in East Turkey. The description is based on morphology (light and scanning electron microscopy), the sequencing of its organellar genomes and several molecular phylogenies. This species could easily be overlooked because of its extreme similarity to Nitzschia aurariae but molecular phylogenies indicate that they are only distantly related. Furthermore, molecular data suggest that N. anatoliensis may occur in several alkaline lakes of Asia Minor and Siberia, but was previously misidentified as Nitzschia communis. It also revealed the very close genetic proximity between N. anatoliensis and the endosymbiont of the dinotom Kryptoperidinium foliaceum, providing additional clues on what might have been the original species of diatoms to enter symbiosis.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The taxonomy and diversity of Proschkinia (Bacillariophyta), a common but enigmatic genus from marine coasts

Detailed morphological documentation is provided for established Proschkinia taxa, including the generitype, P. bulnheimii, and P. complanata, P. complanatula, P. complanatoides and P. hyalosirella, and six new species. All established taxa are characterized from original material from historical collections. The new species described in this paper (P. luticola, P. staurospeciosa, P. impar, P. modesta, P. fistulispectabilis, and P. rosowskii) were isolated from the Western Pacific (Yellow Sea coast of Korea) and the Atlantic (Scottish and Texas coasts). Thorough documentation of the frustule, valve and protoplast architecture revealed the combination of characters diagnostic of the genus Proschkinia: a single‐lobed chloroplast; a broad girdle composed of U‐shaped, perforated bands; the position of the conopeate raphe‐sternum relative to the external and internal valve surface; and the presence of an occluded process through the valve, termed the “fistula”. Seven strains of Proschkinia were grown in culture and five of these were sequenced for nuclear ribosomal SSU and plastid‐encoded rbcL. Phylogenetic analysis recovered a clade of Proschkinia with Fistulifera, another fistula‐bearing diatom genus, and together these were sister to a clade formed of the Stauroneidaceae; in turn, all of these were sister to a clade composed of Parlibellus and two monoraphid genera Astartiella and Schizostauron. Despite morphological similarities between Proschkinia and the Naviculaceae, these two taxa are distant in our analysis. We document the variation in the morphology of Proschkinia, including significant variability in the fistula, suggesting that fistula ultrastructure might be one of the key features for species identification within the genus.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Complete mitochondrial genome of a rare diatom (Bacillariophyta) Proschkinia and its phylogenetic and taxonomic implications

We obtained the complete mitogenome of Proschkinia sp. strain SZCZR1824, a strain belonging to a poorly known diatom genus with no previous molecular data. This genome is 48,863 bp long, with two group I introns in rnl and three group II introns in cox1. Using mitogenomic data, Proschkinia sp. was recovered with Fistulifera solaris, far distant from Navicula and Nitzschia, two genera with which Proschkinia has sometimes been associated based on morphology.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Metadata standards and practical guidelines for specimen and DNA curation when building barcode reference libraries for aquatic life

DNA barcoding and metabarcoding is increasingly used to effectively and precisely assess and monitor biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems. As these methods rely on data availability and quality of barcode reference libraries, it is important to develop and follow best practices to ensure optimal quality and traceability of the metadata associated with the reference barcodes used for identification. Sufficient metadata, as well as vouchers, corresponding to each reference barcode must be available to ensure reliable barcode library curation and, thereby, provide trustworthy baselines for downstream molecular species identification. This document (1) specifies the data and metadata required to ensure the relevance, the accessibility and traceability of DNA barcodes and (2) specifies the recommendations for DNA harvesting and for the storage of both voucher specimens/samples and barcode data.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

31st Annual Meeting and Associated Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC 2016) : part two

Background The immunological escape of tumors represents one of the main ob- stacles to the treatment of malignancies. The blockade of PD-1 or CTLA-4 receptors represented a milestone in the history of immunotherapy. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors seem to be effective in specific cohorts of patients. It has been proposed that their efficacy relies on the presence of an immunological response. Thus, we hypothesized that disruption of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis would synergize with our oncolytic vaccine platform PeptiCRAd. Methods We used murine B16OVA in vivo tumor models and flow cytometry analysis to investigate the immunological background. Results First, we found that high-burden B16OVA tumors were refractory to combination immunotherapy. However, with a more aggressive schedule, tumors with a lower burden were more susceptible to the combination of PeptiCRAd and PD-L1 blockade. The therapy signifi- cantly increased the median survival of mice (Fig. 7). Interestingly, the reduced growth of contralaterally injected B16F10 cells sug- gested the presence of a long lasting immunological memory also against non-targeted antigens. Concerning the functional state of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), we found that all the immune therapies would enhance the percentage of activated (PD-1pos TIM- 3neg) T lymphocytes and reduce the amount of exhausted (PD-1pos TIM-3pos) cells compared to placebo. As expected, we found that PeptiCRAd monotherapy could increase the number of antigen spe- cific CD8+ T cells compared to other treatments. However, only the combination with PD-L1 blockade could significantly increase the ra- tio between activated and exhausted pentamer positive cells (p= 0.0058), suggesting that by disrupting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis we could decrease the amount of dysfunctional antigen specific T cells. We ob- served that the anatomical location deeply influenced the state of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In fact, TIM-3 expression was in- creased by 2 fold on TILs compared to splenic and lymphoid T cells. In the CD8+ compartment, the expression of PD-1 on the surface seemed to be restricted to the tumor micro-environment, while CD4 + T cells had a high expression of PD-1 also in lymphoid organs. Interestingly, we found that the levels of PD-1 were significantly higher on CD8+ T cells than on CD4+ T cells into the tumor micro- environment (p < 0.0001). Conclusions In conclusion, we demonstrated that the efficacy of immune check- point inhibitors might be strongly enhanced by their combination with cancer vaccines. PeptiCRAd was able to increase the number of antigen-specific T cells and PD-L1 blockade prevented their exhaus- tion, resulting in long-lasting immunological memory and increased median survival

Biodiversité, reproduction et phylogénie des diatomées bleues du genre Haslea et valorisation de leurs pigments de type marennine

The diatom Haslea ostrearia has long been considered as the only organism able to produce a blue pigment called marennine, known for greening oysters’ gills in fattening ponds. Key factors for the triggering of this diatom’s sexual reproduction (auxosporulation) have been evidenced, such as cell concentration, light quality or light conditioning. In the aim of a European project, new species of blue diatoms have been discovered : Haslea silbo sp. nov. from the Canary Islands, Haslea karadagensis sp. nov. from the Black Sea and Haslea provincialis sp. nov. from the Mediterranean Sea. A first molecular phylogeny of the genus Haslea has been made using three markers : ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, rbcL and cox1. Blue diatoms appeared to belong to a distinct cluster inside the genus. Availability of two H. ostrearia populations from France and Sweden, sexually compatibles but bearing differences in their cox1 sequences allowed studying the distribution and inheritance of the mitochondrial DNA during auxosporulation. Moreover, UV-visible spectrophotometry and Raman spectometry have been used for pigments’ characterization. Existence of distinct pigments in the newly described species led to the proposal of a chemotaxonomic classification. Finally, biological activities of marennine and H. karadagensis’ pigments have been studied in regards of their antibacterial and antiviral properties.La diatomée Haslea ostrearia a longtemps été considérée comme le seul organisme apte à produire un pigment surnuméraire bleu nommé marennine, connu pour son rôle dans le verdissement des branchies des huîtres affinées dans les bassins ostréicoles. Certains des mécanismes et facteurs influençant l’entrée de cette diatomée en phase de reproduction sexuée (auxosporulation) ont été mis en évidence, tels la concentration cellulaire, la qualité de l’éclairement incident, ou le préconditionnement des algues. La découverte dans le cadre d’un projet européen, de populations de diatomées apparentées à H. ostrearia en divers points du globe a conduit à la description et l’identification de trois nouvelles espèces de diatomées bleues : Haslea silbo sp. nov. des îles Canaries, Haslea karadagensis sp. nov., provenant de Mer Noire et Haslea provencialis sp. nov. de Méditerranée Occidentale. La première phylogénie moléculaire de ces espèces de diatomées bleues, ainsi que d’autres espèces de diatomées appartenant au genre Haslea, a été réalisée en utilisant trois marqueurs génétiques, la cassette ribosomale ITS1-5,8S-ITS2, le gène chloroplastique rbcL ainsi qu’un fragment du gène mitochondrial cox1. Ces trois marqueurs moléculaires montrent que les diatomées bleues forment un clade distinct au sein du genre Haslea. De plus, l’existence de deux populations d’H. ostrearia originaires des côtes françaises et suédoises sexuellement compatibles a permis d’étudier la variabilité génétique intraspécifique, en mettant en évidence quelques différences au niveau de la séquence du gène cox1. Ces différences ont également permis d’étudier chez la progéniture obtenue par croisements de ces populations, la répartition et l’héritabilité de l’ADN mitochondrial. Par ailleurs, la spectophotométrie UV-visible et la spectométrie Raman ont été utilisées pour poursuivre la caractérisation physico-chimique des pigments bleus de ces diatomées. L’existence de pigments distincts chez les nouvelles espèces de diatomées bleues a permis de proposer une première classification chimiotaxonomique. Enfin, les activités biologiques de la marennine et du pigment de l’espèce ukrainienne, H. karadagensis, ont été étudiées grâce à la détermination de leurs propriétés antibactériennes et antivirales

Biodiversity, reproduction and phylogeny of the blue diatoms from the genus Haslea and valorization of their marennine-like pigments

La diatomée Haslea ostrearia a longtemps été considérée comme le seul organisme apte à produire un pigment surnuméraire bleu nommé marennine, connu pour son rôle dans le verdissement des branchies des huîtres affinées dans les bassins ostréicoles. Certains des mécanismes et facteurs influençant l’entrée de cette diatomée en phase de reproduction sexuée (auxosporulation) ont été mis en évidence, tels la concentration cellulaire, la qualité de l’éclairement incident, ou le préconditionnement des algues. La découverte dans le cadre d’un projet européen, de populations de diatomées apparentées à H. ostrearia en divers points du globe a conduit à la description et l’identification de trois nouvelles espèces de diatomées bleues : Haslea silbo sp. nov. des îles Canaries, Haslea karadagensis sp. nov., provenant de Mer Noire et Haslea provencialis sp. nov. de Méditerranée Occidentale. La première phylogénie moléculaire de ces espèces de diatomées bleues, ainsi que d’autres espèces de diatomées appartenant au genre Haslea, a été réalisée en utilisant trois marqueurs génétiques, la cassette ribosomale ITS1-5,8S-ITS2, le gène chloroplastique rbcL ainsi qu’un fragment du gène mitochondrial cox1. Ces trois marqueurs moléculaires montrent que les diatomées bleues forment un clade distinct au sein du genre Haslea. De plus, l’existence de deux populations d’H. ostrearia originaires des côtes françaises et suédoises sexuellement compatibles a permis d’étudier la variabilité génétique intraspécifique, en mettant en évidence quelques différences au niveau de la séquence du gène cox1. Ces différences ont également permis d’étudier chez la progéniture obtenue par croisements de ces populations, la répartition et l’héritabilité de l’ADN mitochondrial. Par ailleurs, la spectophotométrie UV-visible et la spectométrie Raman ont été utilisées pour poursuivre la caractérisation physico-chimique des pigments bleus de ces diatomées. L’existence de pigments distincts chez les nouvelles espèces de diatomées bleues a permis de proposer une première classification chimiotaxonomique. Enfin, les activités biologiques de la marennine et du pigment de l’espèce ukrainienne, H. karadagensis, ont été étudiées grâce à la détermination de leurs propriétés antibactériennes et antivirales.The diatom Haslea ostrearia has long been considered as the only organism able to produce a blue pigment called marennine, known for greening oysters’ gills in fattening ponds. Key factors for the triggering of this diatom’s sexual reproduction (auxosporulation) have been evidenced, such as cell concentration, light quality or light conditioning. In the aim of a European project, new species of blue diatoms have been discovered : Haslea silbo sp. nov. from the Canary Islands, Haslea karadagensis sp. nov. from the Black Sea and Haslea provincialis sp. nov. from the Mediterranean Sea. A first molecular phylogeny of the genus Haslea has been made using three markers : ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, rbcL and cox1. Blue diatoms appeared to belong to a distinct cluster inside the genus. Availability of two H. ostrearia populations from France and Sweden, sexually compatibles but bearing differences in their cox1 sequences allowed studying the distribution and inheritance of the mitochondrial DNA during auxosporulation. Moreover, UV-visible spectrophotometry and Raman spectometry have been used for pigments’ characterization. Existence of distinct pigments in the newly described species led to the proposal of a chemotaxonomic classification. Finally, biological activities of marennine and H. karadagensis’ pigments have been studied in regards of their antibacterial and antiviral properties