Musealization of contemporary conflicts. The case of Spanish Civil war.

La museïtzació de la guerra és un tema polèmic, i més quan es tracta de conflictes recents. Es reflexiona sobre el perquè s’ha de plantejar l’estudi de la guerra des d’un punt de vista científic. A més, es posa especial èmfasi en com els europeus han afrontat la seva dramàtica història bèl·lica recent i el patrimoni per ella generat; s’enumeren i descriuen els diferents tipus de museus i instal·lacions patrimonials i els seus trets didàctics. La realitat europea contrasta amb el dèficit d’iniciatives patrimonials i museals respecte a la història i el patrimoni de la Guerra Civil espanyola.The musealization regarding with war is always a polemic issue, especially when it is about conflict which are relatively recent. It is reflected about why war from a scientific point of view has to be studied. Moreover, it is emphasized how Europeans have faced up to its dramatic warfare history and its related heritage: different kinds of museums and heritage complex and their teaching and learning characteristics are listed and described. European reality contrast with the lacking of heritage and museistic initiatives about history and remains of Spanish Civil War

Dynamics of the planktonic food web in Colgada Lake (Lagunas de Ruidera Natural Park)

In Colgada Lake, one of the 15 lakes belonging to Lagunas de Ruidera Natural Park, the components of the lineal food chain (phytoplankton and metazooplankton) and the microbial loop phytoplankton, metazooplankton, ciliates, autotrophic picoplankton, and bacterioplankton) were studied from June 2003 to December 2004 with a monthly sampling frequency. This lake has monomictic and mesotrophic characteristics and a mean depth of 8 m. Sixty-two species of the phytoplankton community, 27 species of metazooplankton community, and 12 species of ciliates were identified. Phytoplankton and metazooplankton integrated biomass followed seasonal patterns with higher values in summer, up to 105 mg WW/m2 and 2 × 104 mg WW/m2, respectively. Autotrophic picoplankton did not exceed 500 mg WW/m2. Microbial loop components did not show seasonality, and its biomass concentration fluctuated between 500-2500 mg WW/m2 for ciliates and 100- 2000 mg WW/m2 for bacterioplankton. Centric Bacillariophyceae, Cryptophyceae, and Dinophyceae represented most of the phytoplanktonic biomass throughout the studied period, although an increase of cyanobacteria was also observed. Cladocerans and calanoid copepods dominated during summer stratification, rotifers and cyclopoid copepods were present during the winter mixing period. The microbial loop biomass in relation to total planktonic biomass was higher in winter and spring 2004. Interannual changes in the presence of planktonic groups were observed in the different periods of the year: i) the algal composition included larger and non-edible species (Cyanobacteria, Dinophyceae), ii) a reduction in the clearance function by cladocerans was produced, which were substituted by a cyclopoid predator that iii) can feed on rotifers and ciliates, favouring in this way bacterioplankton and autotrophic pico-nanoplankton. This interannual variation could be related to the ongoing eutrophication process in the Lake. All of this may change the way the lake looks: if spring primary production is not strongly controlled by herbivory, this could threaten the annual recruitment of submerged macrophytes that significantly contribute to improve the water quality of the lake.En la laguna Colgada, una de las 15 lagunas que componen el Parque Natural de Las lagunas de Ruidera, se han estudiado los componentes de la red trófica planctónica (fitoplancton, metazooplancton, ciliados, picoplancton autotrófico -PPA- y bacterioplancton), desde junio de 2003 a diciembre de 2004, con una frecuencia de muestreo mensual. Esta laguna posee un carácter monomíctico y mesotrófico y una profundidad media de 8 m. Se identificaron 62 especies de la comunidad fitoplanctónica, 27 especies de la comunidad de metazooplancton y 12 especies de ciliados. La biomasa integrada de fitoplancton y metazooplancton mostró un patrón estacional con valores más elevados en verano, hasta 105 mg PF/m2 y 2 × 104 mg PF/m2, respectivamente. El PPA no superó los 500 mg PF/m2. Bacterias y ciliados no presentaron estacionalidad, y su concentración fluctuó entre 500-2500 mg PF/m2 en el caso de los ciliados y 100-2000 mg PF/m2 en el bacterioplancton. Poblaciones de Bacillariophyceae de tipo centrales, Cryptophyceae y Dinophyceae constituyeron la mayor parte de la biomasa fitoplanctónica durante todo el periodo de estudio, aunque se observó un incremento de cianobacterias. Cladóceros y copépodos calanoides fueron dominantes durante la estratificación estival, rotíferos y copépodos ciclopoides estaban presentes en la mezcla invernal. La biomasa relativa del bucle microbiano frente al total de biomasa planctónica fue superior en inverno y primavera de 2004. Se han observado cambios interanuales en la presencia de los grupos planctónicos de los diferentes periodos del año: i) la composición algal incluye especies más grandes y menos comestibles (Cyanobacteria, Dinophyceae), ii) se produce una reducción de la función de aclarado de los cladóceros que son sustituidos por un depredador ciclopoide que iii) se pue de alimentar de rotíferos y ciliados, favoreciendo así a las bacterias y el pico-nanoplancton autotrófico. Esta variación interanual podría estar relacionada con el proceso de eutrofización que está sufriendo la laguna. Todo ello puede llegar a cambiar el aspecto de la laguna: si la producción primaria en primavera no está fuertemente controlada por la herbivoría, se puede impedir el reclutamiento anual de los macrófitos sumergidos que contribuyen significativamente a mejorar la calidad de la aguas de esta laguna

Speeds of sound for (CH4 + He) mixtures from p = (0.5 to 20) MPa at T = (273.16 to 375) K

Acknowledgements The authors want to thank for the support to Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad project ENE2017-88474-R and Junta de Castilla y León project VA280P18.Peer reviewedPostprin

Musealization of contemporary conflicts. The case of Spanish Civil war

La museïtzació de la guerra és un tema polèmic, i més quan es tracta de conflictes recents. Es reflexiona sobre el perquè s’ha de plantejar l’estudi de la guerra des d’un punt de vista científic. A més, es posa especial èmfasi en com els europeus han afrontat la seva dramàtica història bèl·lica recent i el patrimoni per ella generat; s’enumeren i descriuen els diferents tipus de museus i instal·lacions patrimonials i els seus trets didàctics. La realitat europea contrasta amb el dèficit d’iniciatives patrimonials i museals respecte a la història i el patrimoni de la Guerra Civil espanyola.The musealization regarding with war is always a polemic issue, especially when it is about conflict which are relatively recent. It is reflected about why war from a scientific point of view has to be studied. Moreover, it is emphasized how Europeans have faced up to its dramatic warfare history and its related heritage: different kinds of museums and heritage complex and their teaching and learning characteristics are listed and described. European reality contrast with the lacking of heritage and museistic initiatives about history and remains of Spanish Civil War

Archaeology of the battle of Catalonia (1939). Excavations of a section of the defensive Line L-3 in Subirats (Alt Penedès, Barcelona)

En aquest article descrivim els resultats de la intervenció arqueològica realitzada en les restes de les estructures defensives de la Guerra Civil espanyola al poble de Sant Pau d’Ordal, Subirats (Alt Penedès, Barcelona) que van estar operatives en les darreres fases del conflicte a Catalunya (gener de 1939). Tot i l’elevat nombre d’aquestes, cap dels elements excavats proporcionà un nombre significatiu de materials de l’època. Per això, reflexionem també aquí sobre la problemàtica de l’escàs grau de protecció del patrimoni arqueològic de la Guerra Civil.In this paper we report the results of the archaeological intervention carried out on the remains of defensive structures from Spanish Civil War in the village of Sant Pau d’Ordal, Subirats (Alt Penedès, Barcelona) that were operational in the latter stages of the conflict in Catalonia (January 1939). Despite their high number, none of the items excavated provided a significant number of materials from the period. So here also it is reflected on the problem of the low level of protection of the archaeological heritage of the Spanish Civil War

Modelos virtuales entorno al Territorio Vetón; hacia una visualización del pasado accesible para todos los públicos

[ES] Este artículo ofrece los resultados preliminares de un proyecto llevado a cabo por expertos en informática, así como diseñadores y arqueólogos, para la creación de modelos realistas en 3D sobre la arquitectura de la Cultura Vetona, a partir de los datos adquiridos durante las excavaciones. El presente ejemplo se centra específicamente en los llamados castros (poblados de la Edad del Hierro) de Castillo de Saldeana (Saldeana), Lugar Viejo (Yecla de Yeltes) y Las Merchanas (Lumbrales).[EN] This article offers the preliminary results of a project carried out by experts of computers as well as designers and archaeologists for the creation of realistic 3D models of Vetton Culture architectures based on the data recorded during excavations. The present example is focused specifically on the so-called castros (Iron Age settlements) of Castillo de Saldeana (Saldeana), Lugar Viejo (Yecla de Yeltes) and Las Merchanas (Lumbrales).Quisiéramos expresar nuestro agradecimiento a la Unidad de Patrimonio de la Exc. Diputación de Salamanca; también a los ilustradores, Guillem Hernàndez Pongiluppi y a Eusebi Málvarez López, por la cesión de imágenes. Por último, señalar que este proyecto se enmarca dentro de las líneas de investigación de los proyectos financiados por la Generalitat de Catalunya SGR2009 y por el Ministerio Economía y competitividad EDU2011-28684 “Musealización didáctica de espacios patrimoniales a partir de aplicaciones reactivas con contenidos multiplataforma: telefonía móvil y superficies táctiles”Romero Serra, M.; Rojo Ariza, MC.; Martínez Gil, T. (2015). Modelos virtuales entorno al Territorio Vetón; hacia una visualización del pasado accesible para todos los públicos. Virtual Archaeology Review. 4(8):15-19. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2013.4280OJS151948ALMANSA, J. (2011): "Arqueología para todos los públicos. Hacia una definición de la Arqueología pública a la española" Arqueoweb. Revista sobre Arqueología en Internet 13. Disponible: http://www.ucm.es/info/arqueoweb/pdf/13/almansa.pdf (consultado 8 de abril de 2012).BAKKER, G.; MEULENBERG, F. & RODE, J. (2003): "Truth and credibility as a doublé ambition: reconstructions of the built past experiences and dilemas", The Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation 14, pp. 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vis.314CASTELLS, M. (2000): La era de la información, vol 1. Alianza, Madrid.COPELAND, T. (2006): "Constructing pasts: interpreting the historic environment" en A. HEMS & M. BLOCKLEY (eds.): Heritage Interpretation. Routledge, London, pp. 83-95.DÓMIGUEZ-SOLERA, S. D. (2009): "Pseudociencia y Arqueología", Arqueoweb, Revista sobre Arqueología en Internet 12. Disponible: http://www.ucm.es/info/arqueoweb/pdf/12/dominguezsolera.pdf (consultado 8 de abril de 2012).FORTE, M. y SILOTTI, A. (Eds.) (1997): Virtual Archaeology: Re-Creating Ancient Worlds. Harry N. Abrams, Inc, Publishers; New YorkLOCK, G. (2003): Using Computers in Archaeology. Towards Virtual Pasts. Routledge, London.HERNÁNDEZ CARDONA, F. X. (2011): "La iconografía en la didáctica de las ciencias sociales", Íber, Didáctica de las ciencias sociales, geografía e historia 68, pp. 7-16.HERNÀNDEZ CARDONA, F. X. & RUBIO CAMPILLO, X. (2009): "Interactividad didáctica y museos", Enseñanza de las Ciencias Sociales 8, pp. 91-100.MÁRTINEZ, T. y ROJO Mª. C. (2011): "Una aproximación virtual al territorio vetón", en Íber. Iconografía didáctica, materiales interactivos, nº 68. pp. 17-24.MERRIMAN, N. (ed.). (2004): Public Archaeology. Routledge, London.PUJOL TOST, L. (2010): "Comprender lo virtual: conclusiones de un estudio evaluativo sobre reconstrucciones virtuales en los museos arqueológicos", Virtual Archaeology Review 1 (1), pp.139-143. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2010.5139POLLEFEYS, M. PROESMANS, M. KOCH, R. VERGAUWEN M. & VAN GOOL L. Flexible 3D - Reconstruction techniques with applications in archeology, [online] http:www.esat.kuleuven.ac.be/sagalassos [Consulta: 2-04-2012].RASCÓN MARQUÉS, S. (2003): "El mundo en sus manos. O cómo utilizar las nuevas tecnologías en la difusión del Patrimonio Arqueológico", en II Congreso Interacional sobre Musealización de Yacimientos Arqueológicos. Barcelona, 7, 8 y 9 de octubre de 2002. Ayuntamiento de Barcelona. pp. 250-261.REILLY, P. (1990): "Towards a virtual archaeology", en Computer Applications in Archaeology. Edited by K. Lockyear and S. Rahtz. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, Int. Series 565. pp. 133-139.RUIZ ZAPATERO, G. & ÁLVAREZ-SANCHÍS, J. R. (1997): "La Prehistoria enseñada y los manuales escolares españoles" Complutum 8, pp. 265-284.TILDEN, F. (1977): Interpreting our heritage. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Press.VIDAL MATÍAS, E. (2008): "Castros y verracos: Viajando por los orígenes del olvido", en ÁNGEL B. ESPINA BARRIO (ed.): Turismo, cultura y desarrollo. Antropología en Castilla y León e Iberoamérico X, Salamanca, Diputación de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigaciones antropológicas de Castilla y León, pp. 137-158

RAPD e ITS detectan variaci\uf3n molecular en poblaciones Chilenas de Beauveria bassiana

Entomopathogenic fungi are an attractive alternative for the biological control of insects. In Chile, the Quilamapu Regional Research Center of the National Agricultural Research Institute (INIA) has collected about 400 isolates of the genus Beauveria along the country. A partial classification of this collection has been based on morphology and efficiency as biological control agents. It is necessary to complement this characterization with genetic molecular markers, to determine the level of genetic diversity in Chilean Beauveria bassiana populations and to identify banding patterns that discriminate among isolates from a representative sample of the B. bassiana collection. The analysis was done using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS)-rDNA sequences. The RAPD analysis indicated high genetic diversity among the isolates, with a 43% of similarity on the average. RAPD were more efficient at identifying isolates. On the other hand, the ITS analysis determined a lower diversity, with an 83% of similarity among the isolates. The low number of haplotypes did not allow discrimination among isolates. ITS 1 region showed a higher number of restriction sites, compared to ITS 2 region. For the two molecular markers, genetic diversity was not associated with the geographical origin of the isolates.Los hongos entomopat\uf3genos son una alternativa atractiva para el control biol\uf3gico de insectos plagas. En Chile, el Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), Centro Regional de Investigaci\uf3n Quilamapu mantiene aproximadamente 400 aislamientos de Beauveria, colectados a trav\ue9s del pa\ueds. Esta colecci\uf3n ha sido parcialmente clasificada en base a su morfolog\ueda y a su eficacia como controlador biol\uf3gico. Sin embargo, es necesario complementar estos estudios con una caracterizaci\uf3n a nivel gen\ue9tico-molecular, para determinar el nivel de diversidad gen\ue9tica de Beauveria bassiana e identificar posibles patrones de bandas que permitan dicriminar entre aislamientos. En este estudio, se analizaron 36 aislamientos de B. bassiana provenientes de diversas regiones geogr\ue1ficas del pa\ueds. El an\ue1lisis gen\ue9tico se realiz\uf3 mediante el ADN Polim\uf3rfico Amplificado al Azar (RAPD) y la Reacci\uf3n en Cadena de la Polimerasa-Fragmentos de Restricci\uf3n Polim\uf3rficos (PCR-RFLP) de los espaciadores internos transcritos (ITS) de las secuencias ribosomales del ADN (ITS-rDNA). El an\ue1lisis de RAPD indic\uf3 una alta diversidad gen\ue9tica entre los aislamientos, con un promedio de 43% de similitud. Por otro lado, el an\ue1lisis de los ITS determin\uf3 una menor diversidad, con un 83% de similitud entre aislamientos. La regi\uf3n ITS 1 mostr\uf3 un mayor n\ufamero de sitios de restricci\uf3n que la regi\uf3n ITS 2. Los RAPD fueron m\ue1s eficientes para discriminar (o identificar) entre cepas debido al bajo n\ufamero de haplotipos detectados con los ITS. Para los dos marcadores utilizados en este estudio, la diversidad gen\ue9tica no estuvo asociada con el origen geogr\ue1fico de los aislamientos

Alpha band disruption in the AD-continuum starts in the subjective cognitive decline stage: a MEG study

The consideration of Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) as a preclinical stage of AD remains still a matter of debate. Alpha band alterations represent one of the most significant changes in the electrophysiological profile of AD. In particular, AD patients exhibit reduced alpha relative power and frequency. We used alpha band activity measured with MEG to study whether SCD and MCI elders present these electrophysiological changes characteristic of AD, and to determine the evolution of the observed alterations across AD spectrum. The total sample consisted of 131 participants: 39 elders without SCD, 41 elders with SCD and 51 MCI patients. All of them underwent MEG and MRI scans and neuropsychological assessment. SCD and MCI patients exhibited a similar reduction in alpha band activity compared with the no SCD group. However, only MCI patients showed a slowing in their alpha peak frequency compared with both SCD and no SCD. These changes in alpha band were related to worse cognition. Our results suggest that AD-related alterations may start in the SCD stage, with a reduction in alpha relative power. It is later, in the MCI stage, where the slowing of the spectral profile takes place, giving rise to objective deficits in cognitive functioning.This study was supported by two projects from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, PSI2009-14415-C03-01 and PSI2012-38375-C03-01, a predoctoral fellowship from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness to DLS (PSI2012-38375-C03-01), and three predoctoral fellowships from the Ministry of Education to RB,NS,ICRR (FPU13/06009, FPU14/07164, FPU13/02064)

Hypertension is related to the degradation of dietary frying oils

[Background]: The family kitchen resembles an uncontrolled laboratory experiment, and some discrepancies in the relation between the risk of hypertension and dietary fat may be partly due to the manipulation to which the fats were subjected. [Objective]: We investigated whether deterioration in the quality of the cooking oils in the family household contributes to the risk of high blood pressure. [Design]: The study was cross-sectional. Anthropometric measurements were obtained for 1226 persons aged 18–65 y who were selected randomly from the municipal census of Pizarra, Spain. An oral-glucose-tolerance test was given to 1020 of these persons. Samples of the cooking oil being used were taken from the kitchens of a random subset of 538 persons. The concentrations of polar compounds and polymers were used as markers of the deterioration of the oils. The strength of association between variables was measured by calculating the odds ratio from logistic models. [Results]: Hypertension was strongly associated with obesity and was influenced by sex, diabetes, and age. The presence of excess polar compounds in the cooking oil and the use of sunflower oil were related to the risk of hypertension, whereas the concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids in the serum phospholipids was negatively related to this risk. These associations remained after inclusion in the models of age, sex, obesity, and the presence of carbohydrate metabolism disorder. [Conclusions]: The risk of hypertension is positively and independently associated with the intake of cooking oil polar compounds and inversely related to blood concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids