Volatile compound diversity and conserved alarm behaviour in Triatoma dimidiata

Background: Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille) is a key vector complex of Trypanosoma cruzi, etiologic agent of Chagas disease, as it spans North, Central, and South America. Although morphological and genetic studies clearly indicate existence of at least five clades within the species, there has been no robust or systematic revision, or appropriate nomenclature change for species within the complex. Three of the clades (haplogroups) are distributed in Mexico, and recent evidence attests to dispersal of clades across previously "presumed"monotypic geographic regions. Evidence of niche conservatism among sister species of this complex suggests that geographic dispersal is possible for non-sympatric populations, although no information is available on the behavioural aspects of potential interclade interactions, for instance whether differentiation of chemical signaling or response to these signals could impede communication among the haplogroups. Methods: Volatiles emitted by disturbed bugs, Brindley's (BGs), and metasternal (MGs) glands were identified using solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) and gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Volatile compounds emitted by BGs and MGs, and those secreted by disturbed nymphs and adults, of the three Mexican T. dimidiata haplogroups were tested for avoidance behaviour by conspecific nymphs and adults using an olfactometer. Results: Triatoma dimidiata haplogroups all have three age-related alarm responses: absence of response by early stage nymphs, stage-specific response by 4-5th stage nymphs, and a shared 4-5th nymph and adult response to adult compounds. Disturbed bugs released 15 to 24 compounds depending on the haplogroup, among which were three pyrazines, the first report of these organoleptics in Triatominae. Isobutyric acid from BGs was the most abundant molecule in the response in all haplogroups, in addition to 15 (h1) to 21 (h2 and h3) MG compounds. Avoidance behaviour of disturbed bugs and volatiles emitted by BGs were haplogroup specific, while those from the MG were not. Conclusions: Discriminant and cluster analysis of BG +MG compounds indicate significant separation among the three haplogroups, while alarm response compounds were similar between h2 and h3, both distinct from h1. This latter haplogroup is ancestral phylogenetically to the other two. Our results suggest that alarm responses are a conserved behaviour in the Triatoma dimidiata complex.Fil: May Concha, Irving Jesus. Provincia de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública; MéxicoFil: Rojas, Julio C.. El Colegio de la Frontera Sur; MéxicoFil: Cruz López, Leopoldo. El Colegio de la Frontera Sur; MéxicoFil: Ibarra-Cerdeña, Carlos N.. Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados; MéxicoFil: Ramsey, Janine. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública; Méxic

Efecto de la probabilidad de errores durante la acción de ataque de esgrima

El propósito de este estudio ha sido comprobar el efecto que tiene la probabilidad de que surja el error durante la realización de una acción de ataque en esgrima, sobre los parámetros temporales de las respuestas de reacción (TRR) y la velocidad de desplazamiento del centro de masas (CM). Han participado 17 esgrimistas (14 hombres y 3 mujeres), con una experiencia en competición regional de más de cinco años. Para el registro de los datos, se han utilizado dos plataformas de fuerza, operando a 500 Hz, una cámara de vídeo, a 210 Hz y un cronómetro electrónico adaptado al sistema de cableado de las armas. Una señal electrónica se utilizó para sincronizar temporalmente todos los registros. Para la situación experimental donde no existía incertidumbre durante la acción (CIA), los esgrimistas tenían que realizar un ataque simple con fondo lo más rápidamente posible al aparecer un círculo en el centro del plastrón (E1), intentando situar la punta de la espada dentro del círculo. Para la situación experimental donde existía incertidumbre debida a la posibilidad de error (CIA), los esgrimistas tenían los mismos objetivos que en la situación anterior, aunque debían de inhibir la acción de ataque a otra de defensiva, en el caso de que el círculo desapareciera del plastrón durante la acción. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que, cuando existe la posibilidad de error durante la realización del ataque en esgrima, se incrementan los parámetros temporales de la respuesta de reacción (TR y TM) y disminuye la velocidad de ejecución.The main aim of this study has been to verify the effect that has the probability from which the mistake arises during the accomplishment of an action of assault in fencing, on the temporary parameters of the answers of reaction (TRR) and the speed of displacement of the center of masses (CM). 17 fencers (14 men and 3 women), with an experience in regional competition of more than five years took part in this study. Two force platforms, operating to 500 Hz have been in used, a video camera, to 210 Hz and an electronic chronometer adapted to the system of wired up of the weapon for the record of the data. An electronic sign was used for synchronizing temporarily all the records. For the experimental situation where uncertainty did not exist during the action (CIA), the fencers had to realize a simple assault with lunge as rapidly as possible when a circle appeared in the center of the plastron (E1), trying to place the top of the sword inside the circle. For the experimental situation where there existed uncertainty due to the possibility of mistake (CIA), the fencers had the same aims that in the previous situation, though they must disable the action of assault to other one of defensive, in case the circle was disappearing of the plastron during the action. The results reveal that, when the possibility of mistake exists during the accomplishment of the assault in fencing, there are increased the temporary parameters of the response of reaction (TR and TM) and it diminishes the speed of execution.Peer Reviewe

Efecto de la probabilidad de errores durante la acción de ataque de esgrima

El propósito de este estudio ha sido comprobar el efecto que tiene la probabilidad de que surja el error durante la realización de una acción de ataque en esgrima, sobre los parámetros temporales de las respuestas de reacción (TRR) y la velocidad de desplazamiento del centro de masas (CM). Han participado 17 esgrimistas (14 hombres y 3 mujeres), con una experiencia en competición regional de más de cinco años. Para el registro de los datos, se han utilizado dos plataformas de fuerza, operando a 500 Hz, una cámara de vídeo, a 210 Hz y un cronómetro electrónico adaptado al sistema de cableado de las armas. Una señal electrónica se utilizó para sincronizar temporalmente todos los registros. Para la situación experimental donde no existía incertidumbre durante la acción (CIA), los esgrimistas tenían que realizar un ataque simple con fondo lo más rápidamente posible al aparecer un círculo en el centro del plastrón (E1), intentando situar la punta de la espada dentro del círculo. Para la situación experimental donde existía incertidumbre debida a la posibilidad de error (CIA), los esgrimistas tenían los mismos objetivos que en la situación anterior, aunque debían de inhibir la acción de ataque a otra de defensiva, en el caso de que el círculo desapareciera del plastrón durante la acción. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que, cuando existe la posibilidad de error durante la realización del ataque en esgrima, se incrementan los parámetros temporales de la respuesta de reacción (TR y TM) y disminuye la velocidad de ejecución.The main aim of this study has been to verify the effect that has the probability from which the mistake arises during the accomplishment of an action of assault in fencing, on the temporary parameters of the answers of reaction (TRR) and the speed of displacement of the center of masses (CM). 17 fencers (14 men and 3 women), with an experience in regional competition of more than five years took part in this study. Two force platforms, operating to 500 Hz have been in used, a video camera, to 210 Hz and an electronic chronometer adapted to the system of wired up of the weapon for the record of the data. An electronic sign was used for synchronizing temporarily all the records. For the experimental situation where uncertainty did not exist during the action (CIA), the fencers had to realize a simple assault with lunge as rapidly as possible when a circle appeared in the center of the plastron (E1), trying to place the top of the sword inside the circle. For the experimental situation where there existed uncertainty due to the possibility of mistake (CIA), the fencers had the same aims that in the previous situation, though they must disable the action of assault to other one of defensive, in case the circle was disappearing of the plastron during the action. The results reveal that, when the possibility of mistake exists during the accomplishment of the assault in fencing, there are increased the temporary parameters of the response of reaction (TR and TM) and it diminishes the speed of execution.Peer Reviewe

Effects of carbohydrate–protein beverages on recovery of the exercise

Este artículo aporta una revisión del efecto de la coingesta de la proteína de suero de leche y proteína caseína administradas en bebidas carbohidratadas, sobre la recuperación y los parámetros del daño muscular en ejercicios de larga duración. La búsqueda se ha realizado en abril de 2013 en las bases de datos del ISI Web of Knowledge, SCOPUS, Sport Discuss, PubMed, Medline Sportdiscus, y en las bases de datos CINDOC en las redes CTI-CSIC, RESH, DICE y DIALNET cruzando los descriptores “Exercise”, “Resistance training” y “Recovery” con los términos “Ergogenic beverage”, “Casein Protein” y “Whey Protein”. La estrategia nutricional más respaldada es la ingesta de un preparado líquido carbohidratado en donde se combinan proteínas de diferentes fuentes sobre pruebas de esfuerzos prolongados similares a la competición tanto en deportes individuales como en colectivos, con resultados discrepantesThis manuscript shows a review about the effects of the whey and casein protein on recovery and parameters of muscle damage in long-term exercise. The search was conducted in April 2013 in the databases of ISI Web of Knowledge, SCOPUS, PubMed, Medline, SportDiscus, and databases on Spanish networks CINDOC CTI-CSIC, RESH, DICE, and DIALNET crossing the descriptors "Exercise", "Resistance training" and "Recovery" with the terms "Ergogenic Beverage", "Casein Protein" and "Whey Protein". The most used nutritional strategies are based in a carbohydrate beverage which combines different protein sources on prolonged exercise tests similar to sports competition, in both individual and collective sports, with discrepant result

Efeitos de um Programa de Intervenção Baseado no Modelo Integral nas Competências Técnico-Tácticas no Futebol

Resumen: El objetivo del presente estudio es comprobar los efectos de un programa de intervención basado en el modelo comprensivo sobre las habilidades técnico – tácticas en fútbol. La muestra estuvo conformada por 36 jugadores (11.1 ± 0.5 años) de dos equipos de fútbol formativo. El diseño del estudio ha sido cuasiexperimental pre – post con grupo control y el instrumento de recolección de datos utilizado fue la Herramienta Observacional de Evaluación Técnico – Táctica (HOET-T). Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó la prueba t student para muestras emparejadas y los principales resultados demuestran que el programa de intervención basado en el modelo comprensivo mejoro significativamente las habilidades técnico – tácticas de proteger el balón, recuperar el balón, avanzar hacia la meta, obstaculizar el avance hacia la meta y el juego colectivo en ofensiva con y sin balón. En conclusión, el modelo comprensivo mejora el desarrollo de habilidades técnico – tácticas individuales y colectivas en ofensiva y en defensiva contribuyendo a la adquisición de aprendizajes significativos del fútbol en los procesos de formación deportiva.Abstract: The aim of this study is to test the effects of an intervention program based on the comprehensive model on technical-tactical skills in soccer. The sample consisted of 36 players (11.1 ± 0.5 years) from two youth soccer teams. The study design was quasi-experimental pre-post with a control group and the data collection instrument used was the Observational Technical-Tactical Evaluation Tool (HOET-T). For data analysis, the t student test was used for paired samples and the main results show that the intervention program based on the comprehensive model significantly improved the technical-tactical skills of protecting the ball, recovering the ball, advancing towards the goal, hindering the advance towards the goal and collective offensive play with and without the ball. In conclusion, the comprehensive model improves the development of individual and collective technical-tactical skills in offense and defense, contributing to the acquisition of significant soccer learning in sports training processes.Resumo: O objetivo do presente estudo é testar os efeitos de um programa de intervenção baseado no modelo compreensivo sobre as competências técnico-tácticas no futebol. A amostra foi constituída por 36 jogadores (11,1 ± 0,5 anos) de duas equipas de futebol juvenil. O desenho do estudo foi quasi-experimental pré-pós com um grupo de controlo e o instrumento de recolha de dados utilizado foi o Observational Technical-Tactical Evaluation Tool (HOET-T). Para a análise dos dados utilizámos o teste t student para amostras emparelhadas e os principais resultados mostram que o programa de intervenção baseado no modelo integral melhorou significativamente as competências técnico-tácticas de proteção da bola, recuperação da bola, avanço para a baliza, impedimento do avanço para a baliza e jogo coletivo ofensivo com e sem bola. Em conclusão, o modelo compreensivo melhora o desenvolvimento das capacidades técnico-tácticas individuais e colectivas no jogo ofensivo e defensivo, contribuindo para a aquisição de aprendizagens futebolísticas significativas no processo de treino desportivo

Prospecting in ultracool dwarfs : Measuring the metallicities of mid- and late-m dwarfs

© 2014. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.Metallicity is a fundamental parameter that contributes to the physical characteristics of a star. The low temperatures and complex molecules present in M dwarf atmospheres make it difficult to measure their metallicities using techniques that have been commonly used for Sun-like stars. Although there has been significant progress in developing empirical methods to measure M dwarf metallicities over the last few years, these techniques have been developed primarily for early- to mid-M dwarfs. We present a method to measure the metallicity of mid- to late-M dwarfs from moderate resolution (R ∼ 2000) K-band (≃ 2.2 μm) spectra. We calibrate our formula using 44 wide binaries containing an F, G, K, or early-M primary of known metallicity and a mid- to late-M dwarf companion. We show that similar features and techniques used for early-M dwarfs are still effective for late-M dwarfs. Our revised calibration is accurate to ∼0.07 dex for M4.5-M9.5 dwarfs with -0.58 <[Fe/H] <+0.56 and shows no systematic trends with spectral type, metallicity, or the method used to determine the primary star metallicity. We show that our method gives consistent metallicities for the components of M+M wide binaries. We verify that our new formula works for unresolved binaries by combining spectra of single stars. Lastly, we show that our calibration gives consistent metallicities with the Mann et al. study for overlapping (M4-M5) stars, establishing that the two calibrations can be used in combination to determine metallicities across the entire M dwarf sequence.Peer reviewe