Responsabilidad civil, educación vial y currículum oculto. Semiótica del tránsito en el Perú-Lima

[Resumen] El trabajo partirá de una definición orteguiana (válida sólo para el tema) para sostener la idea de la existencia de una cultura de la comunicación y de su necesidad. Toma como caso la pésima forma de conducir en Lima y las incongruencias entre aquello que se enseña y lo que no sólo se permite, sino se obliga a hacer a través de un mal diseño de la señalización, del sistema vial y de las acciones de las autoridades en ese desfase, con mensajes equívocos contradictorios desde el inicio, o duales, mínimamente. Hay una semiótica del tránsito y otra educativa. Existe en Perú un conjunto de reglas que se supone deben respetarse. Muchas de ellas derivan del antiguo Reglamento Nacional de Tránsito (el que nadie recuerda y que nadie, menor de 35 años, conoce actualmente) mientras que otras son de uso «por decantación» de costumbres. Existe una «Educación Vial», que no consiste en el conocimiento de un Reglamento olvidado, sino en actitudes basadas en «el principio oculto del manejo a la ofensiva» que parte connotativamente de la máxima de la División de Tránsito de la Policía Nacional del Perú: «maneje a la defensiva». La educación vial es parte de la educación cívica, para llegar a la Responsabilidad Ciudadana. Es cultura. El trabajo responderá a ¿Cuál es la cultura que prevalece en la comunicación de la educación vial, y su praxis, que la semiótica pueda ayudar a develar

Robust estimation of vertical wheel forces via modulation-based sensor fusion

Since its introduction by Shinbrot, numerous variations of parameter identification based on the Modulating Function Technique (MFT) have been developed. Recently researches have achieved to estimate also states through this method. In this thesis, the MFT is utilized for the estimation, of both parameters and states, that lead to observe the behaviour of the vertical suspension forces on a vehicle over time. In order to deal with the frequency disturbances present by perturbations as measurement noise and vibrations, the Fourier Modulating Function (FMF) as a kernel is proposed. Furthermore, this method is implemented with the concept of sensor fusion. The estimation that results after the implementation of an adaptive observer during the present work is going to show the robustness of the studied technique.Seit der Einführung der Modulationsfunktionstechnik (MFT) durch Shinbrot wurden zahlreiche Methoden zur Identifikation von Parametern entwickelt. Die aktuelle Forschung hat inzwischen auch das Schätzen von Zustandsgrößen mit dieser Technik erreicht. In dieser Masterarbeit wird die MFT für die Zustands- und Parameterschätzung verwendet um das dynamische Verhalten der vertikalen Federung an einem Fahrzeug zu beobachten. Um mit Störungen durch Messrauschen und Vibrationen umzugehen wird die Fouriermodulationsfunktion (FMF) als Kern vorgeschlagen. Des Weiteren wird die Methode mit dem Konzept der Sensorfusion implementiert. Das Ergebnis ist eine robuste Schätzung, wie in der vorliegenden Arbeit gezeigt wird.Tesi

Los números ocultos del Códice Mendoza y la Matrícula de Tributos

There are different evaluations of the products that appear in the great tributary codices, but we have pay attention to their implications. In this paper we propose the necessity of doing such evaluations, show some of them and suggest diverse considerations about them.Ha sido costumbre contar todos los productos que aparecen en los grandes códices tributarios, pero hemos omitido hacer cuentas sobre lo que su existencia supone. En este artículo planteamos la necesidad de realizar esas cuentas, proponemos algunas y sugerimos algunas consecuencias de las mismas

Historical development of the european structural and investment funds

Artículo de revistaIn December 2020 the European Council approved the regulation establishing the European Union (EU) Multiannual Financial Framework for 2021-2027 and the Next Generation EU recovery facility. Both mechanisms will help provide in the coming years for financing worth €1.8 trillion to sustain the EU’s post-pandemic recovery and its long-term priorities. To set the scale of these funds and the challenge of managing them in context, this article firstly describes the European Structural and Investment Funds. It then offers a detailed analysis of the amount and composition of the resources received to date under these funds, along with their distribution by type of expenditure in the biggest EU countries, with particular emphasis on Spain. Lastly, given the regional focus of the allocation criteria, the final section of the article dissects the course, composition and distribution by type of expenditure of these funds among Spain’s different regions

El Dr. Alcina y los códices mesoamericanos

Among the extensive bibliographical production of Dr. Alcina, there are some studies about the Mesoamerican codices. This paper deals about them. We present the results of the researching of D. José and highlight the significance of his work

Toward an automatic full-wave inversion: Synthetic study cases

Full-waveform inversion (FWI) in seismic scenarios continues to be a complex procedure for subsurface imaging that might require extensive human interaction in terms of model setup, constraints, and data preconditioning. The underlying reason is the strong nonlinearity of the problem that forces the addition of a priori knowledge (or bias) in order to obtain geologically sound results. In particular, when the use of a long-offset receiver is not possible or may not favor the reconstruction of the fine structure of the model, one needs to rely on reflection data. As a consequence, the inversion process is more prone to becoming stuck in local minima. Nevertheless, misfit functionals can be devised that can either cope with missing long-wavenumber features of initial models (e.g., cross-correlation-based misfit) or invert reflection-dominated data whenever the models are sufficiently good (e.g., normalized offset-limited least-squares misfit). By combining both, high-frequency data content with poor initial models can be successfully inverted. If one can figure out simple parameterizations for such functionals, the amount of uncertainty and manual work related to tuning FWI would be substantially reduced. Thus, FWI might become a semiautomatized imaging tool.We want to thank Repsol for funding this research by means of the Aurora project. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 644202. Additionally, the research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Programme (2014-2020) and from Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation through Rede Nacional de Pesquisa (RNP) under the HPC4E Project (www.hpc4e.eu), grant agreement No 689772. We acknowledge Chevron for the dataset that was used in our second example.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Los espacios urbanos como paisajes de las ciudades históricas contemporáneas en el Perú

Since the emergence of the first urban settlements began, intuitively, the formation and use of urbanspaces. At first there was no rationalization or reflection of them and its social importance, but were merely remnants between one building and another. In some cases, there was even a concept of street. The accommodation was spontaneous and additive. When these settlements developed and, in parallel, society slowly changed into a surplus economy, there was need for social meeting places and exchange dealer. The separation of groups of buildings led to the “width” of streets, which then were becoming more regular spaces, which resulted in the squares. The plaza are very old in the cities of the West, but the plazas as we know them today are of the modern age and its design has a clear and strong influence of large pre-Columbian American cultures. It will end with a case studyDesde la aparición de los primeros asentamientos urbanos se inició, de manera intuitiva, laformación y uso de los espacios urbanos. Al principio no hubo racionalización ni reflexión acercade los mismos y su trascendencia social, sino que eran simples remanentes entre una construccióny otra. En algunos casos, no existía ni siquiera un concepto de calle. El acomodo era espontáneoy aditivo. Cuando estos asentamientos desarrollaron y, paralelamente, la sociedad fue cambiandolentamente hacia una economía de excedentes, hubo necesidad de lugares de encuentro sociale intercambio marchante. La separación de las agrupaciones de construcciones dio lugar a los“ancho” de calles, que luego fueron convirtiéndose en espacios más regulares, lo que dio lugar alas plazas. Las plazas son muy antiguas en las ciudades de occidente, pero las plazas, tal como lasconocemos hoy, son de la edad moderna y su concepción tiene una clara y fuerte influencia de lasgrandes culturas americanas prehispánicas. Se terminará con un estudio de caso

Tricking Parents: A Review of Mechanisms and Signals of Host Manipulation by Brood-Parasitic Young

Obligate avian brood parasites depend entirely on heterospecific hosts for rearing their offspring. From hatching until independence, the young parasites must deal with the challenge of obtaining sufficient parental care from foster parents that are attuned to provisioning their own offspring. Parent-offspring communication is mediated by complex begging displays in which nestlings and fledglings exhibit visual (e.g., gaping and postures) and vocal (e.g., begging calls) traits that serve as signals to parents to adjust and allocate parental effort. Parasites can manipulate host parental behavior by exploiting these stable parent-offspring communication systems in their favor. During the past 30 years, the study of host exploitation by parasitic chicks has yielded important insights into the function and evolution of manipulative signals in brood parasites. However, despite these major advances, there are still important gaps in our knowledge about how parasitic nestling and fledglings tune into the host’s communication channels and the adaptive value of the visual and acoustic signals they exhibit. Here we review the literature pertaining to host manipulation by parasitic young, focusing on four non-mutually exclusive mechanisms (i.e., host chick mimicry, begging exaggeration, host-attuned begging calls, and sensory exploitation) and the function and evolution of the signals involved, with the aim to summarize and discuss putative adaptations for stimulating parental feeding and escaping host discrimination. Finally, we bring some concluding remarks and suggest directions for future research on the ways in which brood parasites adapt to the communication systems of other birds to exploit the necessary parental care.Fil: Rojas Ripari, Juan Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Ursino, Cynthia Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Reboreda, Juan Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: de Marsico, Maria Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; Argentin