Topological Alterations of the Structural Brain Connectivity Network in Children with Juvenile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We used diffusion MR imaging to investigate the structural brain connectivity networks in juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, a neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease of childhood. Although changes in conventional MR imaging are typically not visually apparent in children agedPeer reviewe

Treatment of compound tibia fracture with microvascular latissimus dorsi flap and the Ilizarov technique : A cross-sectional study of long-term outcomes

Background: Extensive compound tibial fractures present reconstructive challenges. The present study aimed to assess the outcomes of microvascular latissimus dorsi (LD) flap combined with the Ilizarov technique for extensive compound tibial fractures with bone loss and bone healing complications. Methods: Patient records were reviewed retrospectively. The Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS), the Disabilities of the Arm, Hand and Shoulder (DASH), and the 15D health-related quality of life (HRQoL) instrument were applied. Results: Between 1989 and 2014, 16 patients underwent reconstruction with a microvascular LD flap and bone transport (11/16) or late bone lengthening (5/16). The mean clinical follow-up time was 6.6 (standard deviation (SD): 6.5) years. Three patients had minor complications requiring reoperation. Partial necrosis of one flap required late flap reconstruction in one case. Late bone grafting was used to enhance union in eight of 16 cases. The mean new bone gain was 3.8 cm (SD: 2.5). Overall, 11 patients completed the questionnaires in a mean of 22.3 years (SD: 2.4) after surgery. The main findings revealed a relatively good function of the reconstructed limb and good shoulder function. The mean HRQoL was comparable to that of an age-standardized sample of the general population. Conclusion: Segmental tibia transport and lengthening to correct limb length discrepancy do not compromise the microvascular muscle flap. Combined microvascular LD flap reconstruction and the Ilizarov technique can be used in treating acute compound tibial defects, pseudoarthrosis, and osteitis, all associated with significant amputation risk. Fair long-term functional outcomes and HRQoL are achieved when these combined techniques are used. (C) 2016 British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

Health-related quality of life after oncological resection and reconstruction of the chest wall

Objectives: There is limited information of the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) after surgical treatment of chest wall tumors. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess long-term HRQoL after chest wall reconstruction following oncological resection. Methods: Seventy-eight patients having undergone chest wall tumor resection and reconstruction during 1997-2015 were invited to complete the 15D and QLQ-C30 HRQoL instruments. Results: Altogether, 55 patients (17 men and 38 women), with a mean (SD) age of 68 (14) years, completed the questionnaires (response rate 71%). Patients had been operated due to soft tissue sarcoma (n=16), advanced breast cancer (n=15), osteo- or chondrosarcoma (n=14), or other tumor (n=10). Median time after primary surgery was 66 (IQR 38, 141) months. The resection was full thickness in 29/55 cases and partial thickness in 26/55 cases. Chest wall reconstruction was required for 47/55 cases (85%). Reconstruction was performed using soft-tissue flap in eight cases, skeletal stabilizations with mesh or mesh-cement-mesh (sandwich method) in 15 cases, and skeletal stabilizations and soft-tissue flap in 24 cases. Patients' mean 15D score (0.878, SD 0.111) was comparable to that of the age- and gender-standardized general population (0.891, SD 0.041). Limitations in breathing and usual activities were noted. The QLQ-C30 cancer-specific HRQoL was 72 points (maximum 100). Scores in the QLQ-C30 Functional scales ranged from 78 (Physical) to 91 (Social). Conclusions: Long-term HRQoL in patients after chest wall reconstruction following oncological resection is fair and comparable to that of the general population. Limitations in breathing and usual activities can occur. (C) 2019 British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

Effect of Inhaled Xenon on Cerebral White Matter Damage in Comatose Survivors of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Randomized Clinical Trial

IMPORTANCE: Evidence from preclinical models indicates that xenon gas can prevent the development of cerebral damage after acute global hypoxic-ischemic brain injury but, thus far, these putative neuroprotective properties have not been reported in human studies. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of inhaled xenon on ischemic white matter damage assessed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A randomized single-blind phase 2 clinical drug trial conducted between August 2009 and March 2015 at 2 multipurpose intensive care units in Finland. One hundred ten comatose patients (aged 24-76 years) who had experienced out-of-hospital cardiac arrest were randomized. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomly assigned to receive either inhaled xenon combined with hypothermia (33°C) for 24 hours (n = 55 in the xenon group) or hypothermia treatment alone (n = 55 in the control group). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary end point was cerebral white matter damage as evaluated by fractional anisotropy from diffusion tensor MRI scheduled to be performed between 36 and 52 hours after cardiac arrest. Secondary end points included neurological outcome assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (score 0 [no symptoms] through 6 [death]) and mortality at 6 months. RESULTS: Among the 110 randomized patients (mean age, 61.5 years; 80 men [72.7%]), all completed the study. There were MRI data from 97 patients (88.2%) a median of 53 hours (interquartile range [IQR], 47-64 hours) after cardiac arrest. The mean global fractional anisotropy values were 0.433 (SD, 0.028) in the xenon group and 0.419 (SD, 0.033) in the control group. The age-, sex-, and site-adjusted mean global fractional anisotropy value was 3.8% higher (95% CI, 1.1%-6.4%) in the xenon group (adjusted mean difference, 0.016 [95% CI, 0.005-0.027], P = .006). At 6 months, 75 patients (68.2%) were alive. Secondary end points at 6 months did not reveal statistically significant differences between the groups. In ordinal analysis of the modified Rankin Scale, the median (IQR) value was 1 (1-6) in the xenon group and 1 (0-6) in the control group (median difference, 0 [95% CI, 0-0]; P = .68). The 6-month mortality rate was 27.3% (15/55) in the xenon group and 34.5% (19/55) in the control group (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.49 [95% CI, 0.23-1.01]; P = .053). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, inhaled xenon combined with hypothermia compared with hypothermia alone resulted in less white matter damage as measured by fractional anisotropy of diffusion tensor MRI. However, there was no statistically significant difference in neurological outcomes or mortality at 6 months. These preliminary findings require further evaluation in an adequately powered clinical trial designed to assess clinical outcomes associated with inhaled xenon among survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00879892

5-Year health-related quality of life outcome in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus

Background Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is severely impaired in persons with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). The HRQoL improves in a number of patients after the placement of a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt, but long-term follow-up of HRQoL is rare. Methods Extended follow-up (60 months) of a prospective cohort study involving 189 patients with iNPH who underwent shunt surgery. Preoperative variables were used to predict favorable HRQoL outcome (improvement or non-deterioration) measured by the 15D instrument 5 years after shunting. Results Out of the 189 initially enrolled study participants, 88 had completed 5-year HRQoL follow-up (46%), 64 had died (34%), and 37 (20%) failed to complete the HRQoL follow-up but were alive at the end of the study. After initial post-operative HRQoL improvement, HRQoL deteriorated so that 37/88 participants (42%) had a favorable HRQoL outcome 5 years after shunting. Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis indicated that younger age (adjusted OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.77-0.95; p <0.005), lower body mass index (adjusted OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.77-0.98; p <0.05) and better Mini-Mental State Examination performance (adjusted OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.01-1.32; p <0.05) before surgery predicted favorable 5-year outcome. Conclusions This extended follow-up showed that the self-evaluated HRQoL outcome is associated with iNPH patients' pre-operative cognitive status, overweight and age. The post-operative deterioration may reflect the natural progression of iNPH, but also derive from aging and comorbidities. It indicates a need for long-term follow-up.Peer reviewe

Media ja lasten hyvinvointi

Televisionkatselu, video- ja tietokonepelit sekä internet muodostavat merkittävän osan lasten arkipäivää. Lähes puolella lapsista on televisio omassa huoneessaan, ja suuri osa lapsista katselee televisiota enimmäkseen yksin. Suuri media-altistus lisää kuitenkin lasten psykososiaalisen oireilun vaaraa, kuten aggressioita ja vaikeuksia käyttäytymisen säätelyssä ja keskittymisessä. Erityisesti mediaväkivallan ajatellaan olevan haitallista lasten hyvinvoinnin kannalta. Vaikka media-altistukseen liitetyt riskit voivat ainakin osittain heijastella myös sosiaalisten riskitekijöiden kumuloitumista, näyttää niillä olevan myös itsenäinen rooli oireita lisäävänä tekijänä. Median haitallisia vaikutuksia voidaan todennäköisesti vähentää vanhemmille suunnatulla ohjeistuksella

Media ja lasten hyvinvointi

Televisionkatselu, video- ja tietokonepelit sekä internet muodostavat merkittävän osan lasten arkipäivää. Lähes puolella lapsista on televisio omassa huoneessaan, ja suuri osa lapsista katselee televisiota enimmäkseen yksin. Suuri media-altistus lisää kuitenkin lasten psykososiaalisen oireilun vaaraa, kuten aggressioita ja vaikeuksia käyttäytymisen säätelyssä ja keskittymisessä. Erityisesti mediaväkivallan ajatellaan olevan haitallista lasten hyvinvoinnin kannalta. Vaikka media-altistukseen liitetyt riskit voivat ainakin osittain heijastella myös sosiaalisten riskitekijöiden kumuloitumista, näyttää niillä olevan myös itsenäinen rooli oireita lisäävänä tekijänä. Median haitallisia vaikutuksia voidaan todennäköisesti vähentää vanhemmille suunnatulla ohjeistuksella

Improved tractography using asymmetric fibre orientation distributions

Diffusion MRI allows us to make inferences on the structural organisation of the brain by mapping water diffusion to white matter microstructure. However, such a mapping is generally ill-defined; for instance, diffusion measurements are antipodally symmetric (diffusion along x and –x are equal), whereas the distribution of fibre orientations within a voxel is generally not symmetric. Therefore, different sub-voxel patterns such as crossing, fanning, or sharp bending, cannot be distinguished by fitting a voxel-wise model to the signal. However, asymmetric fibre patterns can potentially be distinguished once spatial information from neighbouring voxels is taken into account. We propose a neighbourhood-constrained spherical deconvolution approach that is capable of inferring asymmetric fibre orientation distributions (A-fods). Importantly, we further design and implement a tractography algorithm that utilises the estimated A-fods, since the commonly used streamline tractography paradigm cannot directly take advantage of the new information. We assess performance using ultra-high resolution histology data where we can compare true orientation distributions against sub-voxel fibre patterns estimated from down-sampled data. Finally, we explore the benefits of A-fods-based tractography using in vivo data by evaluating agreement of tractography predictions with connectivity estimates made using different in-vivo modalities. The proposed approach can reliably estimate complex fibre patterns such as sharp bending and fanning, which voxel-wise approaches cannot estimate. Moreover, histology-based and in-vivo results show that the new framework allows more accurate tractography and reconstruction of maps quantifying (symmetric and asymmetric) fibre complexity

Comparison of MRI-based automated segmentation methods and functional neurosurgery targeting with direct visualization of the Ventro-intermediate thalamic nucleus at 7T

The ventro-intermediate nucleus (Vim), as part of the motor thalamic nuclei, is a commonly used target in functional stereotactic neurosurgery for treatment of drug-resistant tremor. As it cannot be directly visualized on routinely used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), its clinical targeting is performed using indirect methods. Recent literature suggests that the Vim can be directly visualized on susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) acquired at 7T. Our work aims to assess the distinguishable Vim on 7T SWI in both healthy-population and patients and, using it as a reference, to compare it with: (1) The clinical targeting, (2) The automated parcellation of thalamic subparts based on 3T diffusion MRI (dMRI), and (3) The multi-atlas segmentation techniques. In 95.2% of the data, the manual outline was adjacent to the inferior lateral border of the dMRI-based motor-nuclei group, while in 77.8% of the involved cases, its ventral part enclosed the Guiot points. Moreover, the late MRI signature in the patients was always observed in the anterior part of the manual delineation and it overlapped with the multi-atlas outline. Overall, our study provides new insight on Vim discrimination through MRI and imply novel strategies for its automated segmentation, thereby opening new perspectives for standardizing the clinical targeting