Fundamentos filosóficos, teóricos y empíricos de la Terapia de Aceptación y Compromiso

This article has two main purposes. The first one is to present the philosophical, theoretical, and empirical underpinnings of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). The second is to outline the importance of philosophy and theory in order to build an empirical clinical psychology that copes progressively with the needs of the field. To accomplish these purposes, we have structured the article in three distinct sections. In the first one, we will explore the philosophical assumptions of ACT, known as Functional Contextualism. In the second section, we will offer a brief history of the appliedand theoretical tradition of ACT, Behavior Analysis, and Relational Frame Theory (RFT), a modern account of human language and cognition. Finally, we will present some clinical outcomes that, although preliminary, exemplify the broad range of health problems and psychological disorders for which the ACT model has shown to have positive results. Overall we will offer a unified version of the ACT/RFT model that interconnects its multiple dimensions.El presente artículo cumple dos propósitos. En primer lugar presentar los fundamentos filosóficos, teóricos y empíricos de la Terapia de Aceptación y Compromiso (TAC), y, en segundo lugar, argumentar cuán importante es la filosofía y la teoría de cara a construir una psicología clínica empírica que afronte de un modo progresivo las necesidades del campo. Para cumplir estos propósitos, hemos estructurado el artículo en tres secciones. En la primera exploramos los presupuestos filosóficos de la TAC, el llamado Contextualismo Funcional. En la segunda sección ofrecemos una breve historia de la tradición aplicada y teórica de la TAC, esto es, el Análisis de Conducta, y acontinuación ofrecemos una aproximación moderna al lenguaje y la cognición, la Teoría de los Marcos Relacionales (TMR). Finalmente, presentamos una serie de estudios empíricos que ejemplifican de modo preliminar el amplio rango de problemas psicológicos y de la salud para los que la TAC ha mostrado resultados positivos. En conjunto, este artículo ofrece una versión unificada del modelo de la TAC/TMR que interconecta sus múltiples dimensiones

Fundamentos filosóficos, teóricos y empíricos de la Terapia de Aceptación y Compromiso

This article has two main purposes. The first one is to present the philosophical, theoretical, and empirical underpinnings of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). The second is to outline the importance of philosophy and theory in order to build an empirical clinical psychology that copes progressively with the needs of the field. To accomplish these purposes, we have structured the article in three distinct sections. In the first one, we will explore the philosophical assumptions of ACT, known as Functional Contextualism. In the second section, we will offer a brief history of the appliedand theoretical tradition of ACT, Behavior Analysis, and Relational Frame Theory (RFT), a modern account of human language and cognition. Finally, we will present some clinical outcomes that, although preliminary, exemplify the broad range of health problems and psychological disorders for which the ACT model has shown to have positive results. Overall we will offer a unified version of the ACT/RFT model that interconnects its multiple dimensions.El presente artículo cumple dos propósitos. En primer lugar presentar los fundamentos filosóficos, teóricos y empíricos de la Terapia de Aceptación y Compromiso (TAC), y, en segundo lugar, argumentar cuán importante es la filosofía y la teoría de cara a construir una psicología clínica empírica que afronte de un modo progresivo las necesidades del campo. Para cumplir estos propósitos, hemos estructurado el artículo en tres secciones. En la primera exploramos los presupuestos filosóficos de la TAC, el llamado Contextualismo Funcional. En la segunda sección ofrecemos una breve historia de la tradición aplicada y teórica de la TAC, esto es, el Análisis de Conducta, y acontinuación ofrecemos una aproximación moderna al lenguaje y la cognición, la Teoría de los Marcos Relacionales (TMR). Finalmente, presentamos una serie de estudios empíricos que ejemplifican de modo preliminar el amplio rango de problemas psicológicos y de la salud para los que la TAC ha mostrado resultados positivos. En conjunto, este artículo ofrece una versión unificada del modelo de la TAC/TMR que interconecta sus múltiples dimensiones

A Randomized Controlled Trial of Ethyl Glucuronide-Based Contingency Management for Outpatients With Co-Occurring Alcohol Use Disorders and Serious Mental Illness.

OBJECTIVE: The authors examined whether a contingency management intervention using the ethyl glucuronide (EtG) alcohol biomarker resulted in increased alcohol abstinence in outpatients with co-occurring serious mental illnesses. Secondary objectives were to determine whether contingency management was associated with changes in heavy drinking, treatment attendance, drug use, cigarette smoking, psychiatric symptoms, and HIV-risk behavior. METHOD: Seventy-nine (37% female, 44% nonwhite) outpatients with serious mental illness and alcohol dependence receiving treatment as usual completed a 4-week observation period and were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of contingency management for EtG-negative urine samples and addiction treatment attendance, or reinforcement only for study participation. Contingency management included the variable magnitude of reinforcement prize draw procedure contingent on EtG-negative samples (/mL) three times a week and weekly gift cards for outpatient treatment attendance. Urine EtG, drug test, and self-report outcomes were assessed during the 12-week intervention and 3-month follow-up periods. RESULTS: Contingency management participants were 3.1 times (95% CI=2.2-4.5) more likely to submit an EtG-negative urine test during the 12-week intervention period, attaining nearly 1.5 weeks of additional alcohol abstinence compared with controls. Contingency management participants had significantly lower mean EtG levels, reported less drinking and fewer heavy drinking episodes, and were more likely to submit stimulant-negative urine and smoking-negative breath samples, compared with controls. Differences in self-reported alcohol use were maintained at the 3-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first randomized trial utilizing an accurate and validated biomarker (EtG) to demonstrate the efficacy of contingency management for alcohol dependence in outpatients with serious mental illness

THE CONCISE GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20 : G protein- coupled receptors

The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20 is the fourth in this series of biennial publications. The Concise Guide provides concise overviews of the key properties of nearly 1800 human drug targets with an emphasis on selective pharmacology (where available), plus links to the open access knowledgebase source of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. Although the Concise Guide represents approximately 400 pages, the material presented is substantially reduced compared to information and links presented on the website. It provides a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates. The full contents of this section can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.14748. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the six major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being: ion channels, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors, enzymes and transporters. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. The landscape format of the Concise Guide is designed to facilitate comparison of related targets from material contemporary to mid-2019, and supersedes data presented in the 2017/18, 2015/16 and 2013/14 Concise Guides and previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in close conjunction with the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification (NC-IUPHAR), therefore, providing official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate.Peer reviewe

Persistent cAMP-Signals Triggered by Internalized G-Protein–Coupled Receptors

Real-time monitoring of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling in native cells suggests that the receptor for thyroid stimulating hormone remains active after internalization, challenging the current model for GPCR signaling

THE CONCISE GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY 2021/22: G protein-coupled receptors.

The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2021/22 is the fifth in this series of biennial publications. The Concise Guide provides concise overviews, mostly in tabular format, of the key properties of nearly 1900 human drug targets with an emphasis on selective pharmacology (where available), plus links to the open access knowledgebase source of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. Although the Concise Guide constitutes over 500 pages, the material presented is substantially reduced compared to information and links presented on the website. It provides a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates. The full contents of this section can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/bph.15538. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the six major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being: ion channels, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors, enzymes and transporters. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. The landscape format of the Concise Guide is designed to facilitate comparison of related targets from material contemporary to mid-2021, and supersedes data presented in the 2019/20, 2017/18, 2015/16 and 2013/14 Concise Guides and previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in close conjunction with the Nomenclature and Standards Committee of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (NC-IUPHAR), therefore, providing official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate

The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2023/24: G protein-coupled receptors.

peer reviewedThe Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2023/24 is the sixth in this series of biennial publications. The Concise Guide provides concise overviews, mostly in tabular format, of the key properties of approximately 1800 drug targets, and about 6000 interactions with about 3900 ligands. There is an emphasis on selective pharmacology (where available), plus links to the open access knowledgebase source of drug targets and their ligands (https://www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. Although the Concise Guide constitutes almost 500 pages, the material presented is substantially reduced compared to information and links presented on the website. It provides a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates. The full contents of this section can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/bph.16177. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the six major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being: ion channels, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors, enzymes and transporters. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. The landscape format of the Concise Guide is designed to facilitate comparison of related targets from material contemporary to mid-2023, and supersedes data presented in the 2021/22, 2019/20, 2017/18, 2015/16 and 2013/14 Concise Guides and previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in close conjunction with the Nomenclature and Standards Committee of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (NC-IUPHAR), therefore, providing official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate

An Experience Sampling Study of Psychological Processes and their Relation to Functional Outcome among Individuals with Severe Psychopathology

Background: The functional relations between daily contextual factors, psychological coping and functional outcome among individuals with severe psychopathology are still largely unexamined as compared to other aspects in this population, such as the genetic makeup of these individuals, their performance on cognitive tests, or their retrospective self-reports. Aims and Method: To compare the role of cognitive and emotional regulation strategies versus contextual and behavioral regulation strategies in predicting different types of functional outcome after controlling for the occurrence of positive psychotic events and other negative stressors. A group of 31 individuals diagnosed with severe psychopathology from a Program for Assertive Community Treatment (PACT) of the Northern Nevada Adult Mental Health Services (NNAMHS) were recruited for this study. The study design was observational, with the added feature of an experience sampling method; 685 experience sampling moments were gathered during the course of six days. Additional psychological processes were examined in this study such as empathy, perspective taking ability and values. Results: The study suggests that the occurrence of positive psychotic symptoms and stressful events had a negative impact on functional outcome, but not after accounting for the role of some contextual and behavioral regulation strategies. More specifically, behavioral regulation strategies such as experiential acceptance and overt avoidance had a superior association with functional outcome than emotional regulation strategies such as cognitive reappraisal. Moreover, data suggests that cognitive reappraisal tended to increase individual's distress, although not after accounting for cognitive suppression and overt avoidance. Finally, due to small sample size and design considerations it was not possible to reliably explore the association between perspective taking, values and functional outcome, however, additional exploratory analysis were conducted in order to test the direction and strength of these associations. Conclusions: Behavioral and contextual regulation strategies seem to have a superior effect on functional outcome as compared to cognitive and emotional regulation strategies among individuals with severe psychopathology that regularly experience psychotic and/or negative experiences

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy modules: Differential impact on treatment processes and outcomes

A modular, transdiagnostic approach to treatment design and implementation may increase the public health impact of evidence-based psychosocial interventions. Such an approach relies on algorithms for selecting and implementing treatment components intended to have a specific therapeutic effect, yet there is little evidence for how components function independent of their treatment packages when employed in clinical service settings. This study aimed to demonstrate the specificity of treatment effects for two components of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), a promising candidate for modularization. A randomized, nonconcurrent, multiple-baseline across participants design was used to examine component effects on treatment processes and outcomes in 15 adults seeking mental health treatment. The ACT OPEN module targeted acceptance and cognitive defusion; the ACT ENGAGED module targeted values-based activation and persistence. According to Tau-U analyses, both modules produced significant improvements in psychiatric symptoms, quality of life, and targeted therapeutic processes. ACT ENGAGED demonstrated greater improvements in quality of life and values-based activation. ACT OPEN showed greater improvements in symptom severity, acceptance, and defusion. Both modules improved awareness and non-reactivity, which were mutually targeted, though using distinct intervention procedures. Both interventions demonstrated high treatment acceptability, completion, and patient satisfaction. Treatment effects were maintained at 3-month follow up. ACT components should be considered for inclusion in a modular approach to implementing evidence-based psychosocial interventions for adults. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved