The CMS Phase-1 pixel detector upgrade

The CMS detector at the CERN LHC features a silicon pixel detector as its innermost subdetector. The original CMS pixel detector has been replaced with an upgraded pixel system (CMS Phase-1 pixel detector) in the extended year-end technical stop of the LHC in 2016/2017. The upgraded CMS pixel detector is designed to cope with the higher instantaneous luminosities that have been achieved by the LHC after the upgrades to the accelerator during the first long shutdown in 2013–2014. Compared to the original pixel detector, the upgraded detector has a better tracking performance and lower mass with four barrel layers and three endcap disks on each side to provide hit coverage up to an absolute value of pseudorapidity of 2.5. This paper describes the design and construction of the CMS Phase-1 pixel detector as well as its performance from commissioning to early operation in collision data-taking.Peer reviewe

Influence of Tool Variables on Wear when Milling Iron Aluminide Alloy Fe25Al1.5Ta [at.-%]

Non-ferrous high-performance materials such as titanium- and nickel-base alloys are of great importance for the aerospace industry due to their advantageous properties. However, the high material prices of these alloys are a disadvantage. At the same time, iron aluminide alloys can feature similar mechanical and thermal properties combined with a significant economic advantage over other high-performance alloys. Thus, iron aluminides present a promising alternative to high priced non-ferrous alloys and have the potential to substitute established materials for components such as turbine blades. In aerospace part production, milling represents an important finishing process. Iron aluminides are considered difficult to cut materials. Therefore, occurring tool wear and its mechanisms are the primary issues in machining. These topics are not yet covered in depth by the prevailing knowledge base. In this paper, near-net-shape cast iron aluminide cross-samples were machined using ball end milling cutters to analyze the occurring tool wear and the performance of different milling tool systems. The results show a fundamental influence of the tungsten carbide substrate and the tool coating on tool wear when milling iron aluminide. The tools' macro and micro geometry affect the active forces and stabilize the cutting edge. The present study provides insights about preferable tool variables that contribute to extending tool life in iron aluminide turbine blade production

The gynoecium of male Anchietea pyrifolia (Violaceae): Preserved structure with a new function

Structure of inflorescences and flowers and flowering behaviour are reported for the woody liana Anchietea pyrifolia (Violaceae) from Brazil. The specimen studied is grown for some decades now in the greenhouses of Halle Botanical Garden and turned out unisexually male, which adds a further example of dioecism to the family Violaceae, in which this type of sex distribution is rarely encountered. The flowers are exceptional also for the strongly asymmetric anterior petal, which represents a rare case of a species with enantiomorphic flowers pollinated by Lepidoptera. They have a fully developed gynoecium with a complicated architecture comparable to the pistil of bisexual Violaceae flowers, though without ovules. The style head is capable to release viscose liquid on tactile stimulation or pressure, which is known to act as pollen-gathering mechanism in bisexual Violaceae species with usually dry pollen and buzz-pollination. This function has switched in male A. pyrifolia to a mechanism for efficient pollen release mediated by insect pollinators from its short-lived flowers. (C) 2009 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved

Potential effects of the exclusion of bottom fishing in the marine protected areas (MPAs) of the western Baltic Sea – third year observations. Cruise No. AL570, 22.03. – 11.04.2022, Kiel (Germany) – Kiel (Germany). MGF-OSTSEE-2022

The expedition AL570 with the RV Alkor was carried out within the framework of the interdisciplinary DAM MGF-OSTSEE Project “Potential effects of closure for bottom fishing in the marine protected areas (MPAs) of the western Baltic Sea – baseline observations” funded by the Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). Within MGF-OSTSEE a consortium of scientists from various institutions investigates how benthic ecosystems in Natura 2000 areas within the German exclusive economic zone develop after the exclusion of bottom trawling. Major goals of the project are i. the initial assessment of the environmental state and its variability in- and outside the three Natura 2000 areas Fehmarnbelt, Oder- and Rönnebank under the ongoing pressure of bottom trawling and ii. the general assessment of the effect of bottom trawling on benthic communities and benthic biogeochemical functioning as well as their development after fishery exclusion. The cruise AL570 concludes a series of three previous expeditions EMB238 (2020) and EMB267/268 (2021) and aimed to survey all components of the benthic food web including prokaryotes, protozoans, meiofauna and macrofauna, as well as sediment properties and biogeochemical processes in selected working areas in- and outside of the MPA. The working program comprised 156 station activities of various gears for biological and biogeochemical sampling of sediments. Solute exchange between the sediment and the water column was investigated using Landers and a novel underwater vehicle the Deep-Sea Rover (DSR) Panta Rhei. Investigations in the water column, seafloor observation and deployments of a dredge supplemented the station work. Due to stormy weather in situ solute fluxe measurements were not performed at the Rönnebank

Rapid degradation of an active formylglycine generating enzyme variant leads to a late infantile severe form of multiple sulfatase deficiency

Schlotawa L, Radhakrishnan K, Baumgartner M, et al. Rapid degradation of an active formylglycine generating enzyme variant leads to a late infantile severe form of multiple sulfatase deficiency. European Journal Of Human Genetics. 2013;21(9):1020-1023.Multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD) is a rare inborn error of metabolism affecting posttranslational activation of sulfatases by the formylglycine generating enzyme (FGE). Due to mutations in the encoding SUMF1 gene, FGE's catalytic capacity is impaired resulting in reduced cellular sulfatase activities. Both, FGE protein stability and residual activity determine disease severity and have previously been correlated with the clinical MSD phenotype. Here, we report a patient with a late infantile severe course of disease. The patient is compound heterozygous for two so far undescribed SUMF1 mutations, c.156delC (p.C52fsX57) and c.390A>T (p.E130D). In patient fibroblasts, mRNA of the frameshift allele is undetectable. In contrast, the allele encoding FGE-E130D is expressed. FGE-E130D correctly localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and has a very high residual molecular activity in vitro (55% of wildtype FGE); however, it is rapidly degraded. Thus, despite substantial residual enzyme activity, protein instability determines disease severity, which highlights that potential MSD treatment approaches should target protein folding and stabilization mechanisms

A model of plate kinematics in Gondwana breakup

An accurate model of relative plate motions in Gondwana breakup is based on visual fitting of seafloor isochrons and fracture zones (FZ) from the Riiser-Larsen Sea and Mozambique Basin. Used predictively, the model precisely locates kinematic markers in the West Somali Basin, which allows the conclusion that the spreading centres in the West Somali and Mozambique basins and the Riiser-Larsen Sea formed parts of the boundary between the same two plates. The locations of FZ and less well-defined isochrons from neighbouring regions are also consistent with their formation on other lengths of this same boundary and with its relocation from the West Somali Basin and northern Natal Valley to the West Enderby Basin and Lazarev Sea during chron M10n. Small independently moving plates thus played no role in the breakup of this core part of Gondwana. In an inversion procedure, the data from these areas yield more precise finite rotations that describe the history of the two plates separation. Breakup is most simply inter preted to have occur red in coincidence with Karoo volcanism, and a reconstruction based on the rotations shows the Lebombo and Mateke-Sabi monoclines and the Mozambique and Astrid ridges as two sets of conjugate volcanic margins. Madagascars pre-drift position can be used as a constraint to reassess the positions of India and Sri Lanka in the supercontinent

Timing and geometry of early Gondwana breakup

The Mesozoic opening history of the southern ocean between South America, Africa and Antarctica is one of the largest gaps in knowledge on the evolution of this region. Competing geodynamic models were published during the last two decades to explain the geophysical and geological observations. Here we report on aeromagnetic data collected along the East Antarctic coast during five seasons. These data provide new constraints on the timing and geometry of the early Gondwana break-up. In the Riiser-Larsen Sea/Mozambique Basin, the first oceanic crust between Africa and Antarctica formed around 155 Ma. In the west the Weddell Rift propagated from west to east with a velocity of 63 km/Myr between chrons M19N and M17N. At chron M14N South America and Africa finally were split off the Antarctic continent. Stretching in the area of the South Atlantic started at the latest from 155 Myr onwards. The different spreading velocities and directions of South America and Africa created at chron M9N the first oceanic crust in the South Atlantic. A new model indicates that the Karoo and Dronning Maud Land magmatism occurred well before any new ocean floor was created and, therefore, the first formation of new oceanic crust cannot directly be related to a plume interaction