Éter decafluoro-di-n-pentil : uma nova opção experimental de agente tamponante intra-vítreo

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, 2012.INTRODUÇÃO: A Vitreorretinopatia proliferativa (VRP) continua a ser a principal causa de redescolamento da retina e da cegueira após descolamento da retina, tendo seu local habitual de proliferação e redescolamento o quadrante inferior. Assim, existe a necessidade de se buscar um substituto vítreo que seja adequado para uso, durante um período limitado, no pós1operatório. Este agente tamponante deve ser mais pesado que a água, mais leve que o perfluorocarbono líquido e compatível com o olho para curto ou longo prazo. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o decafluoro-di-n-pentil (DFPE) como tamponante vítreo examinando a tolerância ocular, através de exame clínico, eletrorretinográfico e histológico em olhos de coelhos albinos. DESENHO: experimental e prospectivo. MÉTODOS: Treze coelhos machos, albinos, da raça Nova Zelândia foram divididos em quatro grupos e submetidos a vitrectomia mecânica: Grupo 1– DFPE (0,8 a 1,0ml) foi injetado em um olho de quatro coelhos, acompanhados por seis meses; Grupo 2– DFPE (0,8 a 1,5ml) foi injetado em um olho de quatro coelhos, acompanhados por 12 meses; Grupo 3– foi injetado uma mistura de DFPE (1,0ml) e óleo de silicone (OS)(0,2ml) 5000 centistokes em um olho de três coelhos, acompanhados por seis meses; e Grupo 4– solução salina balanceada (SSB) foi injetado em um olho de dois coelhos e acompanhados por 12 meses, servindo como controle operado em conjunto com o olho não operado de cada grupo. Avaliação pós-operatória incluiu inspeção do segmento anterior, tonometria, oftalmoscopia binocular indireta e eletrorretinograma (ERG) escotópico. Após 1 mês de remoção do DFPE e OS, outro ERG foi realizado em cada grupo antes da enucleação e análise histológica. RESULTADOS: Clinicamente, nos grupos 1, 2 e 3, o líquido ocupou a porção inferior da cavidade vítrea. As gotas menores foram observadas gradualmente, e o líquido gerou pouca inflamação na cavidade vítrea. A dispersão do líquido apareceu 2 semanas após a cirurgia e para o restante do acompanhamento, o tamanho da gota permaneceu estável. Catarata subcapsular posterior apareceu nos olhos com as quantidades grandes de DFPE (> 50%). Os restos celulares foram observados entre os grupos com DFPE e solução salina balanceada (SSB) em 6 de 8 olhos, permanecendo estável até o fim do estudo. Os achados histológicos nos grupos 1 e 2 não mostraram nenhuma mudança detectável na espessura da camada nuclear externa, mas a saída ocasional de núcleos da camada de fotorreceptores ocorreu na retina inferior. Espessamento da retina interna foi observado também inferiormente. A retina interna ficou bem preservada nos grupos 1, 2 e 3. O ERG dos grupos 1, 2 e 3 não apresentou alteração no tempo de culminação da onda a e onda b, mas a amplitude da onda b mostrou-se elevada (p0,05) até o final do estudo quando comparado com o grupo controle. CONCLUSÕES: Decafluoro-di-n-pentil demonstrou o mínimo de efeitos adversos na retina dos coelhos, porém estudos adicionais são necessários antes de uso clínico como agente tamponante. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: Proliferative vitreo1retinopathy (PVR) continues to be the primary cause of retinal redetachment. The usual site of proliferation and redetachment is the inferior retina. The hypothesis regarding intraocular liquid perfluorochemical use is that it would be suitable as internal tamponade for a limited period of time. PURPOSE: To evaluate decafluoro-di-n-pentyl ether (DFPE), a liquid perfluorochemical, as a temporary vitreous tamponade by examining ocular tolerance through clinical, histological and electroretinographic examination, in rabbits’ eyes. DESIGN: Prospective, experimental. METHODS: Thirteen New Zealand white males rabbits were divided into four groups after mechanical vitrectomy. Group 1 – DFPE (0.8 to 1.0 ml) was injected in one eye of four rabbits, and were followed for six months after surgery; group 2 - DFPE (0.8 to 1.5 ml) was injected in one eye of four rabbits, and were followed for twelve months; group 3 - a mixture of DFPE (1.0 ml) and silicone oil (0.2 ml) 5000 centistokes was injected in one eye of three rabbits, and were followed for six months, and group 4 - balanced salt solution (BSS) was injected in one eye of two rabbits, and were followed for up 12 months that served as an operated control group in conjunction with the unoperated eye of each group. Postoperative clinical evaluation included inspection of the anterior segment, tonometry, indirect binocular ophthalmoscopy and scotopic electroretinogram test (ERG). Following 1 month of DFPE and silicone oil (SiO) removal, another ERG test was performed in each group before the eyes were enucleated and processed for histological evaluation. RESULTS: Clinically, on groups 1, 2 and 3, the liquid occupied the inferior portion of the vitreous cavity. Smaller droplets were gradually observed, and the liquid appeared to be well tolerated with little vitreous inflammation. Dispersion of the fluid appeared 2 weeks postoperatively and for the remainder of follow- up, globule size remained stable. Posterior subcapsular cataracts appeared in eyes with large fills of DFPE (> 50%). Cellular debris was observed at the interface between DFPE and physiological fluid in 6 of 8 DFPE1injected eyes and this remained unchanged until the end of study. Histological findings on group 1 and 2 showed no detectable change in outer nuclear layer thickness, but occasional dropout of photoreceptor cell nuclei occurred in inferior retina. Thickening of the inner retina was also noted inferiorly. Foam cells were observed in the vitreous and on the surface of the retina. Except for some vacuolations, the inner retina was well preserved in all DFPE and DFPE + SiO- injected eyes. Penetration of the liquid into the inner retina was not seen. On the ERG of DFPE and DFPE + SiO-injected eyes, there was no effect on the a-wave amplitude and b-wave implicit time, but the b-wave amplitude was elevated with statistical significance (p0.05) at 12 months of follow up and 1 month after DFPE removal when compared with group 4 and unoperated fellow eyes of each group. CONCLUSIONS: Decafluoro-di-n-pentyl ether demonstrated minimum adverse effects in retinal rabbits, and therefore appears to be suitable for intraoperative use and short1term vitreous tamponade

QUALIDADE FISIOLÓGICA E SANITÁRIA DE SEMENTES DE PIMENTÃO COMERCIALIZADAS EM SANTARÉM, PARÁ

The physiological and sanitary quality of seeds is one of the most important aspects to achieve crop success. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological and sanitary quality of seven cultivars of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) commercialized in Santarém, Pará. The seeds were distributed equidistantly in gerbox® plastic boxes containing sterilized and moistened filter paper and maintained at ± 25 ° C for 14 days with 12h photoperiod. Germination, number of normal and abnormal seedlings at seven and 14 days, germination speed index (IVG) and fungi incidence on the seeds were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replicates, 50 seeds per replicate, making a total of 1400 seeds evaluated. All the lots of the evaluated pepper cultivars exhibited low vigor, considering the low percentage of normal seedlings resulting. The lots of the cultivars All Big, Yellow SF 134, Red Square and Ruby Giant presented germination within the standards informed by the manufacturers. In the seeds of Yellow SF 134 and Itapuã 501 100% of fungal incidence was observed, being identified the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium and Rhizopus. Itapuã 501 presented the worst physiological and sanitary performance among the lots of the evaluated cultivars. Considering the low percentage of normal seedlings resulting, the plots of the pepper cultivars evaluated in this work could compromise the initial planting stand.KEYWORDS: Capsicum annuum, Germination, Seed pathology, Vigor.La calidad fisiológica y sanitaria de las semillas es uno de los aspectos más importantes para alcanzar el éxito del cultivo. En ese sentido, el trabajo objetivó evaluar la calidad fisiológica y sanitaria de siete cultivares de pimiento (Capsicum annuum L.) comercializadas en Santarém, Pará. Las semillas fueron distribuidas equidistantemente en cajas plásticas del tipo gerbox® conteniendo papel filtro esterilizado y humedecido, y mantenidas a ± 25ºC durante 14 días con fotoperíodo de 12h. Se evaluaron la germinación, el número de plántulas normales y anormales a los siete y 14 días, índice de velocidad de germinación (IVG) e incidencia de hongos sobre las semillas. El delineamiento experimental fue completamente casualizado, con cuatro repeticiones, siendo 50 semillas por repetición, totalizando un total de 1400 semillas evaluadas. Todos los lotes de los cultivares de pimiento evaluados exhibieron bajo vigor, considerando el bajo porcentaje de plántulas normales resultantes. Los lotes de los cultivares All Big, Amarillo SF 134, Cuadrado Rojo y Rubí Gigante presentaron germinación dentro de los estándares informados por los fabricantes. En las semillas de Amarillo SF 134 e Itapuã 501 se observó un 100% de incidencia fúngica, siendo identificados los géneros Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium y Rhizopus. Itapuã 501 presentó el peor desempeño fisiológico y sanitario entre los lotes de los cultivares evaluados. Se consideró el bajo porcentaje de plántulas normales resultantes, los lotes de los cultivares de pimiento evaluados en ese trabajo podrían comprometer el stand inicial de la siembra.PALABRAS CLAVE: Capsicum annuum, Germinación, Patología de semillas, Vigor.A qualidade das sementes é um dos aspectos mais importantes para se alcançar o sucesso da lavoura. Nesse sentindo, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sete cultivares de pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.) comercializadas em Santarém, Pará. As sementes foram distribuídas, equidistantemente, em caixas plásticas do tipo gerbox® contendo papel filtro esterilizado e umedecido, e mantidas a ± 25ºC durante 14 dias com fotoperíodo de 12h. Foram avaliados a germinação, o número de plântulas normais e anormais aos sete e 14 dias, índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e incidência de fungos sobre as sementes. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, sendo 50 sementes por repetição, perfazendo um total de 1400 sementes avaliadas. Todos os lotes das cultivares de pimentão avaliados exibiram baixo vigor, considerando-se a baixa porcentagem de plântulas normais resultantes. Os lotes das cultivares All Big, Amarelo SF 134, Quadrado Vermelho e Rubi Gigante apresentaram germinação dentro dos padrões informados pelos fabricantes. Nas sementes de Amarelo SF 134 e Itapuã 501 observou-se 100% de incidência fúngica, sendo identificados os gêneros Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium e Rhizopus. Itapuã 501 apresentou o pior desempenho fisiológico e sanitário dentre os lotes das cultivares avaliadas. Considerando-se a baixa porcentagem de plântulas normais resultantes, os lotes das cultivares de pimentão avaliados nesse trabalho poderiam comprometer o estande inicial do plantio. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Capsicum annuum, Germinação, Patologia de sementes, Vigor

Engineered Orange Ectopically Expressing the Arabidopsis beta-Caryophyllene Synthase Is Not Attractive to Diaphorina citri, the Vector of the Bacterial Pathogen Associated to Huanglongbing

[EN] Huanglongbing (HLB) is a destructive disease, associated with psyllid-transmitted phloem-restricted pathogenic bacteria, which is seriously endangering citriculture worldwide. It affects all citrus species and cultivars regardless of the rootstock used, and despite intensive research in the last decades, there is no effective cure to control either the bacterial species (Candidatus Liberibacter spp.) or their insect vectors (Diaphorina citri and Trioza erytreae). Currently, the best attempts to manage HLB are based on three approaches: (i) reducing the psyllid population by intensive insecticide treatments; (ii) reducing inoculum sources by removing infected trees, and (iii) using nursery-certified healthy plants for replanting. The economic losses caused by HLB (decreased fruit quality, reduced yield, and tree destruction) and the huge environmental costs of disease management seriously threaten the sustainability of the citrus industry in affected regions. Here, we have generated genetically modified sweet orange lines to constitutively emit (E)-beta-caryophyllene, a sesquiterpene repellent to D. citri, the main HLB psyllid vector. We demonstrate that this alteration in volatile emission affects behavioral responses of the psyllid in olfactometric and no-choice assays, making them repellent/less attractant to the HLB vector, opening a new alternative for possible HLB control in the field.This work was funded by the Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura (Fundecitrus), Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP, grant #2015/07011-3), and EU H2020 Innovation Action Program (grant #817526). Consent for research and field trial of genetically modified organisms was granted by the National Technical Biosafety Commission from Brazil (CTNBio) to Fundecitrus.Alquézar-García, B.; Linhares Volpe, HX.; Facchini Magnani, R.; Pedreira De Miranda, M.; Almeida Santos, M.; Vieira Marques, V.; Rodrigues De Almeida, M.... (2021). Engineered Orange Ectopically Expressing the Arabidopsis beta-Caryophyllene Synthase Is Not Attractive to Diaphorina citri, the Vector of the Bacterial Pathogen Associated to Huanglongbing. Frontiers in Plant Science. 12:1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.6414571151

Severe cardiac insufficiency secondary to cardiotoxicity with clinical and morpho-functional improvement after optimised clinical treatment: case report

Many therapies used for cancer (pathology whose cases are progressively increasing in the world) such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy have numerous adverse effects, with cardiotoxicity being one of the most important. This can be defined from the detection, by an imaging method, of a reduction of at least 10% in the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), bringing it to a value below 53%. Anthracyclines (such as Doxorubicin), Trastuzumab, and Taxanes (Docetaxel) are among the most associated chemotherapeutics. To emphasize the importance of optimized treatment for heart failure and to review the main updates on the theme of cardiotoxicity. Case report and bibliographic review on the latest updates to the management of cardiotoxicity and associated heart failure. When correctly identifying the main risk factors associated with chemotherapy and the individual to develop myocardial injury, it is possible to perform the monitoring by means of two main predictors: the myocardial tension strength and the biomarkers. In this sense, changes associated with these predictors may allow early intervention through appropriate treatment and, with the advancement of research, even prevention, mainly using the association of Carvedilol with Enalapril. Continuous monitoring and early initiation of drug therapy for heart failure are clearly associated with a lower degree of myocardial injury and a lower rate of complications. In addition, there is still an increasingly promising possibility in relation to preventive drug therapy, however, there is still a lack of studies on this topic

Otimização da extração assistida por ultrassom dos compostos antioxidantes da folha de moringa (moringa oleifera lam) usando metodologia de superfície de resposta / Optimization of ultrasover assisted extraction of the antioxidant compounds of the moringa leaf (moringa oleifera lam) using response surface methodology

A Moringa oleifera Lam é uma planta nativa da Índia. Suas folhas contêm nutrientes importantes como proteínas, vitamina C, além destes nutrientes as folhas contêm uma série de substâncias com capacidade antioxidante. Para se extrair os compostos antioxidante existe técnicas convencionais como Soxhlet e a maceração e as técnicas de extração não convencionais como extração assistido por Ultrassom. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo otimizar o processo de extração dos compostos antioxidantes das folhas da moringa. A otimização da extração, foi realizado por meio do planejamento fatorial 3², utilizando como variáveis independentes a concentração de solvente e o tempo de extração e como variáveis dependentes a atividade antioxidante frente ao radical ABTS e ao potencial redutor de ferro (FRAP). O extrato que apresentou maior atividade antioxidante pelos métodos ABTS e FRAP foi o obtido com etanol 70% (%v/v), na extração por ultrassom e agitação mecânica durante 30 min de extração

Métodos físicos, químicos e biológicos de controle de biofilmes bacterianos: Physical, chemical and biological methods for controlling bacterial biofilms

Os biofilmes são agregados microbianos complexos que representam risco à saúde porque inúmeros patógenos são capazes de colonizar superfícies bióticas e abióticas, conferindo a estes microrganismos, maior resistência a antibióticos e outros agentes antimicrobianos. Além disso, os biofilmes são responsáveis por perdas na indústria, bem como pelo processo de biodeterioração de diferentes materiais. Visando formas de inibir ou erradicar biofilmes, diferentes métodos são propostos, incluindo a associação entre eles. Esta revisão foi elaborada por discentes de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular da UFPB, como trabalho final da Disciplina “Biofilmes microbianos” e traz exemplos e perspectivas de tratamentos físicos, químicos e biológicos no controle destas estruturas

Chitosan microparticles loaded with essential oils inhibit duo-biofilms of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans

Oral candidiasis is a common fungal infection that affects the oral mucosa, and happens when Candida albicans interacts with bacteria in the oral microbiota, such as Streptococcus mutans, causing severe early childhood caries. C. albicans and S. mutans mixed biofilms are challenging to treat with conventional antimicrobial therapies, thus, new anti-infective drugs are required. Objective: This study aimed to test a drug delivery system based on chitosan microparticles loaded with geranium and lemongrass essential oils to inhibit C. albicans and S. mutans mixed biofilms. Methodology: Chitosan microparticles loaded with essential oils (CM-EOs) were obtained by spray-drying. Susceptibility of planktonic were performed according CLSI at 4 to 2,048 µg/mL. Mixed biofilms were incubated at 37ºC for 48 h and exposed to CM-EOs at 256 to 4,096 µg/mL. The antimicrobial effect was evaluated using the MTT assay, with biofilm architectural changes analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. RAW 264.7 cell was used to evaluate compound cytotoxicity. Results: CM-EOs had better planktonic activity against C. albicans than S. mutans. All samples reduced the metabolic activity of mixed C. albicans and S. mutans biofilms, with encapsulated oils showing better activity than raw chitosan or oils. The microparticles reduced the biofilm on the slides. The essential oils showed cytotoxic effects against RAW 264.7 cells, but encapsulation into chitosan microparticles decreased their toxicity. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that chitosan loaded with essential oils may provide an alternative method for treating diseases caused by C. albicans and S. mutans mixed biofilm, such as dental caries

Pre-defoliation canopy height for signal grass ‘Basilisk’ in silvopastoral systems

The objective of this study was to compare the response of Urochloa decumbens cv. Basilisk pastures in monoculture and silvopastoral systems (SPS), and to determine the most suitable pre-defoliation canopy height for managing this species in SPS. Four pre-defoliation canopy heights (20, 30, 40, and 50 cm) were tested for signal grass in SPS, alongside a control treatment involving defoliation at 20 cm in full sun. The experiment was conducted using a randomized block design with four replicates. The forage accumulation rate was higher in monoculture (36.5 kg ha-1 day-1 of DM) compared to the silvopastoral system (22.0 kg ha-1 day-1 of DM), and there was no significant effect of pre-defoliation canopy height within the SPS. The density of tillers in monoculture was comparable to that observed in canopies managed at a height of 50 cm within the SPS. Leaf mass and leaf percentage were maximized at heights of 40 cm and 50 cm, respectively. Neither the cultivation system nor the pre-defoliation canopy heights in the SPS influenced the fiber and protein content. Leaf accumulation and mass were higher in monoculture, but the cultivation system did not affect the chemical composition of the forage. Heights between 40 cm and 50 cm in the SPS should be used to maximize tillering, mass, and leaf percentage of signal grass ‘Basilisk’. The chemical composition of the produced forage did not undergo significant changes, neither between systems nor across pre-defoliation heights

BIODIGESTOR PARA O GÁS DO LIXO ORGÂNICO

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma alternativa de reutilização do gás produzido pelo lixo, por meio da construção de um biodigestor, visando a preservação do meio ambiente por meio de energia renovável. A energia produzida por esse sistema, obtida da decomposição do lixo orgânico, é o biogás, formado por gases, tais como o metano (CH4) e o dióxido de carbono (CO2). Esse experimento verifica a possibilidade de utilizar o gás metano como alternativa para o funcionamento de um fogão doméstico