Análisis de la participación de mujeres y jóvenes en la cadena de Valor de miel de apis mellifera en somoto

The study was carried out in the municipality of Somoto, Madriz department, 217 km from Managua, Nicaragua. The objectives were: determine roles, access to resources, decision making, identify social, economic and cultural factors that influence participation, as well as identify elements for the construction of lines of action for the strengthening of the participation of young people (18-30 years old) and women over 30 years old in the honey value chain of Bee. The instrument used was the survey and the interview, the methodological design being ''non-experimental'', with a descriptive-explanatory study of the area, with a mixed qualitative-quantitative method, considering that the sample selected is the total of 33 beekeepers that make up the universe. It was found that 69% of young beekeepers dedicated to the roles and 67% who decide on the activities, and there is no active participation of women in the link of production, however, the average 5% are dedicated to the value chain; young people have the highest percentage of participation in all the study variables. The social factors that do not affect or limit them in the participation of young people is marital status with 75%, young people believe that the best economic factor that does not limit them is policies and programs of government with a percentage of 70% null. In cultural factors, young people do not take religion as a limitation with 95% null. The support organizations are INPRHU.El estudio se realizó en el municipio de Somoto, departamento Madriz a 217 km de Managua, Nicaragua.. Los objetivos fueron: determinar roles, acceso a recursos, toma de decisiones, identificar factores sociales, económicos y culturales que influyen en la participación, así como también e identificar elementos para la construcción de líneas de acción para el fortalecimiento de la participación de jóvenes (18 – 30 años) y mujeres mayores de 30 años en la cadena de valor de miel de abeja. El instrumento utilizado fue la encuesta y la entrevista siendo el diseño metodológico ‘‘no experimental’’, con un estudio descriptivo- explicativo de la zona, con un método mixto cualitativo–cuantitativo, considerando que la muestra seleccionada es el total de 33 apicultores que conforman el universo. Se encontró que el 69% de los jóvenes apicultores se dedican a los roles y el 67 % quienes deciden de las actividades, y no hay intervención activa de mujeres en el eslabón de producción, sin embargo, el 5% promedio se dedican en la cadena de valor; son los jóvenes los que tienen mayor porcentaje de participación en todas las variables de estudio. Los factores sociales que no los afecta o limita en la participación de jóvenes es el estado civil con 75%, los jóvenes opinan que el mejor factor económico que no los limita es políticas y programas de gobierno con un porcentaje del 70% nulo. En los factores culturales los jóvenes no toman como limitante la religión con 95% nulo. Los organismos de apoyo son INPRHU

Mapping of landslide susceptibility of coastal cliffs : the Mont-Roig del Camp case study

The weathered and fractured conglomerate cliffs of Mont Roig del Camp constitute a rock fall hazard for the surrounding pocket beaches and, therefore, for the population that frequent them, especially over the summer. Landslide susceptibility of the cliff has been assessed using the Rock Engineering System method (RES). The determinant and triggering factors considered in this study include: wave exposure, shoreline variations, cliff height, cliff slope, geotechnical quality of the rocky mass, superficial runoff and cliff orientations favoring landslides. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been employed to facilitate the information analysis and generate new susceptibility maps. The quality of the rock mass and cliff orientation are the most interactive factors for the stability of the cliff. However, shoreline variations and surface runoff are the most dominant factors in the system. Thus, the quality of the rock mass has been determined to be a basic variable in the cliff characterization because of its high dependence on the variations of the remaining factors. The landslide susceptibility map depicts a predominance of surfaces with moderate degrees of susceptibility concentrated mainly in the headlands, where the combined actions of subaerial and marine processes control the weathering and eroding processes. Therefore, the landslide susceptibility assessment based on this methodology has allowed the identification of hazardous areas that should be considered in future management plans

Citodiagnóstico conjuntival en el perro

En este trabajo se presentan las imágenes citológicas obtenidas al realizar raspados conjuntivales, tanto de perros sin alteración ocular, como de perros con conjuntivitis.In this paper, we describe the cytologic results of conjunctival scrapings in dogs without ocular disease and dogs with conjunctivitis

Bose-Einstein condensate dark matter phase transition from finite temperature symmetry breaking of Klein-Gordon fields

In this paper the thermal evolution of scalar field dark matter particles at finite cosmological temperatures is studied. Starting with a real scalar field in a thermal bath and using the one loop quantum corrections potential, we rewrite Klein-Gordon's (KG) equation in its hydrodynamical representation and study the phase transition of this scalar field due to a Z_2 symmetry breaking of its potential. A very general version of a nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation is obtained. When introducing Madelung's representation, the continuity and momentum equations for a non-ideal SFDM fluid are formulated, and the cosmological scenario with the SFDM described in analogy to an imperfect fluid is then considered where dissipative contributions are obtained in a natural way.Additional terms appear compared to those obtained in the classical version commonly used to describe the \LambdaCDM model, i.e., the ideal fluid. The equations and parameters that characterize the physical properties of the system such as its energy, momentum and viscous flow are related to the temperature of the system, scale factor, Hubble's expansion parameter and the matter energy density. Finally, some details on how galaxy halos and smaller structures might be able to form by condensation of this SF are given.Comment: Substantial changes have been made to the paper, following the referees recommendations. 16 pages. Published in Classical and Quantum Gravit

Xylem water potentials of native shrubs from northeastern Mexico

Xylem water potentials (C) were evaluated in browse plants such as Forestiera angustifolia (Oleaceae), Celtis pallida (Ulmaceae), Zanthoxylum fagara (Rutaceae), and Eysenhardtia texana (Fabaceae). Collections were carried out at Linares County, a semi-arid region of northeastern Mexico. C (MPa) were estimated at 10-day intervals between July 10 and September 30, 2008 by using a Scholander pressure bomb, and were monitored in five different plants per species at 06:00 h (predawn) and 14:00 h (midday). Air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, and soil water content were registered throughout. Data were subjected to one-way ANOVA and linear correlation analysis. At the wettest period, C at predawn varied from 0.29 (C. pallida and E. texana) to 0.37 (F. angustifolia and Z. fagara); in contrast, at the driest period, predawn C ranged from 3.28 (F. angustifolia) to 4.50 (Z. fagara). At midday E. texana achieved the highest (1.14) and lowest (4.20) values at wettest and driest sampling dates, respectively. It seems that air temperature and vapor pressure deficit negatively influenced C values in all species; conversely, C values augmented as relative humidity increased. Since F. angustifolia and C. pallida maintained higher predawn and midday C values under water stress, these species may be considered as drought-adapted species while, Z. fagara and E. texana that acquired lower values, may be less adapted to drought and in physiological disadvantage under limited water conditions

Excipients in the Paediatric Population: A Review

This theoretical study seeks to critically review the use of excipients in the paediatric population. This study is based on the rules and recommendations of European and American drug regulatory agencies. On the one hand, this review describes the most frequent excipients used in paediatric medicine formulations, identifying the compounds that scientific literature has marked as potentially harmful regarding the side effects generated after exposure. On the other hand, this review also highlights the importance of carrying out safety -checks on the excipients, which, in most cases, are linked to toxicity studies. An excipient in the compilation of paediatric population databases is expected to target safety and toxicity, as in the STEP database. Finally, a promising pharmaceutical form for child population, ODT (Orally Disintegrating Tablets), will be studied

Palatability and stability studies to optimize a carvedilol oral liquid formulation for pediatric use

Carvedilol (CARV) is a blocker of α- and β- adrenergic receptors, used as an “off-label” treatment for cardiovascular diseases in pediatrics. Currently, there is no marketed pediatric-appropriate CARV liquid formulation, so its development is necessary. Palatability (appreciation of smell, taste, and aftertaste) is a key aspect to be considered during the development of pediatric formulations since only formulations with good palatability also have adequate acceptability in this population. Consequently, the aim of this research was to assess the palatability and acceptability of different CARV formulations using an in vivo taste assessment (ID Number PR103/22) in order to select the highest palatability-rated CARV formulation. The preparation of CARV formulations was based on a reference 1 mg/mL CARV solution, which contains malic acid as a solubilizing agent. Subsequently, sucralose and flavoring agents were added and mixed until complete dissolution to the corresponding formulations. Adult volunteers participated in this study and evaluated the taste and odor of various CARV formulations through a questionnaire and a sensory test. The mean palatability score, measured on a 10-point scale, increased from 1.60 for the unflavored control to 7.65 for the highest-rated flavored formulation. Moreover, the bitterness of the optimized CARV formulation was reduced from 66.67% to 17.86%, and the taste pleasantness was increased from 25/100 to 73/100. This optimized CARV formulation contains a sweetening agent, sucralose, in addition to two flavoring agents at appropriate concentrations for pediatrics. Furthermore, the physicochemical and microbiological stability of the optimized CARV formulation were evaluated for 6 months at 25, 30, and 40 °C, in addition to in-use stability for 15 days at 25 °C, whose results were confirmed. Thus, we successfully developed a palatable CARV liquid solution that contains excipients appropriate for pediatrics and is stable under the studied conditions.</span

Development of a Carvedilol oral liquid formulation for paediatric use

Carvedilol (CARV) is an 'off-label' β-blocker drug to treat cardiovascular diseases in children. Since CARV is nearly insoluble in water, only CARV solid forms are commercialized. Usually, CARV tablets are manipulated to prepare an extemporaneous liquid formulation for children in hospitals. We studied CARV to improve its aqueous solubility and develop an oral solution. In this study, we assessed the solubility and preliminary stability of CARV in different pH media. Using malic acid as a solubility enhancer had satisfactory results. We studied the chemical, physical, and microbiological stability of 1 mg/mL CARV-malic acid solution. A design of experiment (DoE) was used to optimize the CARV solution's preparation parameters. A 1 mg/mL CARV solution containing malic acid was stable for up to 12 months at 25 °C and 30 °C and 6 months at 40 °C. An equation associating malic acid with CARV concentrations was obtained using DoE. Microbiological data showed that the use of methylparaben was not necessary for this period of time. We successfully developed an aqueous CARV solution suitable for paediatrics and proven to be stable over a 12-month period

Media Competencies for the Citizenship Training of Teachers from Andean America : Colombia and Ecuador

In an increasingly saturated information and infoxicated world, Media Literacy emerges as a necessity for effective filtering of the vast amount of information we consume. The present research aims to quantitatively analyze the level of media competencies of Colombian (Medellin) and Ecuadorian (Loja and Zamora) teachers by means of the application of an adaptation of the taxonomy from the media competencies model, which consists of 6 dimensions and a total of 12 indicators. The total analyzed sample was comprised of 654 teachers from 81 public and private institutions. A data-gathering instrument was used with the aim of determining their level of media competencies from each of the dimensions. The results showed a low to medium level of media competency knowledge, which illustrated the need for priority interventions based on local, regional and international works, namely those that mobilize scientific, academic and political collaboration to improve the performance of a population that should lead the general training of citizens in media competencies.Em um mundo cada vez mais saturado e carregado de informações, a competência mediática emerge como uma necessidade de filtragem eficiente da vasta quantidade de informação que consumimos. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar qualitativamente o grau de competência midiática dos docentes colombianos (cidade de Medellín) e equatorianos (cidades de Loja e Zamora) através da aplicação de uma taxonomia adaptada do modelo de competências mediáticas, que é constituído por seis dimensões e 12 indicadores. A amostra analisada foi composta por 654 docentes de 81 instituições públicas e privadas. Foi aplicado um instrumento de levantamento de dados com a finalidade de determinar o nível de competência midiática dos docentes por cada dimensão. Os resultados obtidos expressam um grau baixo e mediano de competência mediática, o que evidencia a necessidade de intervenções prioritárias a partir de trabalhos locais, regionais e internacionais que mobilizem cooperação científica, acadêmica e política para melhorar o desempeno de um grupo que deveria liderar a formação geral da cidadania.En un mundo cada vez más sobresaturado de información e infoxicado, las competencias mediáticas emergen como una necesidad para el filtrado efectivo de la ingente cantidad de informaciones que consumimos. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar cuantitativamente el grado de competencias mediáticas de docentes colombianos (ciudad de Medellín) y ecuatorianos (ciudades de Loja y Zamora), a través de la aplicación de una adaptación de la taxonomía del modelo de competencias mediáticas, contentivo de 6 dimensiones y 12 indicadores totales. La muestra total analizada se compuso de 654 docentes de 81 instituciones públicas y privadas, a los que se les aplicó un instrumento de recogida de datos con el fin de determinar su nivel de competencia mediática por cada una de las dimensiones. Los resultados expresan un bajo y mediano nivel de competencias, lo que hace evidente la demanda de intervenciones prioritarias desde trabajos locales, regionales e internacionales que movilicen cooperación científica, académica y política para mejorar el desempeño de una población que debería liderar la formación general de la ciudadanía en competencias mediática

Determinación de trihalometanos en aguas de consumo humano por microextracción en fase sólida- cromatografía de gases en Pereira, Colombia

La desinfección del agua con cloro, genera subproductos como los trihalometanos (THM´s), a los cuales se les atribuyen propiedades cancerígenas y con un potencial efecto adverso en el sistema reproductivo. El nivel máximo permitido de THM´s en Estados Unidos es 80 µg/L, mientras que en Colombia es 200 µg/L. En este estudio un método simple, rápido y libre de solventes fue estandarizado para la determinación de THM´s  en aguas para consumo humano utilizando microextracción en fase sólida con espacio de cabeza combinada con cromatografía de gases con detector de microcaptura de electrones  (HS-SPME-GC-mECD) y utilizado para la cuantificación de THM´s en aguas de consumo humano. Fueron estudiados parámetros experimentales así como el tiempo de adsorción, la temperatura de adsorción y desorción, la agitación de la muestra y la adición de NaCl. Se determinaron los límites de detección y cuantificación del método y se realizó el análisis de los trihalometanos de 75 muestras de agua de la planta de tratamiento de Aguas y Aguas de la ciudad de Pereira. Las condiciones optimizadas fueron 20 min de extracción a 37 °C en presencia de 25% de NaCl y con una agitación de 200 rpm; con  tiempo de desorción de 4 min a 250 °C. El rango lineal de 5-100 mg/L fue establecido con una desviación estándar relativa (%RSD) en el rango 6,1-10,1 %. Los límites de detección estuvieron en el rango 3,8-7,8 mg/L. El promedio de la concentración de THM´s fue de 55,5 mg/L el cual cumple con los límites máximos permitidos en la regulación internacional y nacional.Water disinfection with chlorine generates byproducts such as trihalomethanes (THM’s), to which cancer risk and a potential adverse effect on the reproductive system properties are attributed. The maximum permitted level of THM’s in the United States is 80- 100 µg/L, while in Colombia it is 200 µg/L. In this study a simple, fast and solvent-free method was developed for the determination of THM’s in drinking water using solid phase microextraction in combination with head space gas chromatography microcapture electron detector (HS-SPME-GC-µECD) and used for quantification of THM’s in drinking water. Experimental parameters such as extraction time, extraction temperature, desorption temperature, magnetic stirring, and addition of salt were studied. Limits of detection and quantification were determined and the analysis of THM´s in 75 samples of water from the treatment plant of Pereira city were performed. Optimized conditions were 20 min extraction at 37 °C in the presence of 25% NaCl and with stirring at 200 rpm; with a desorption time of 4 min at 250 °C. Linear range of 5-100 µg/L was established with a relative standard deviation (% RSD) in the range 6.1-10.1%. Detection limits ranged from 3.8 to 7.8 µg/L. Average concentration of THMs was 55.5 µg/L which was within International and National requirements