Development of nucleic acid vaccines: use of self-amplifying RNA in lipid nanoparticles

Self-amplifying RNA or RNA replicon is a form of nucleic acid-based vaccine derived from either positive-strand or negative-strand RNA viruses. The gene sequences encoding structural proteins in these RNA viruses are replaced by mRNA encoding antigens of interest as well as by RNA polymerase for replication and transcription. This kind of vaccine has been successfully assayed with many different antigens as vaccines candidates, and has been shown to be potent in several animal species, including mice, nonhuman primates, and humans. A key challenge to realizing the broad potential of self-amplifying vaccines is the need for safe and effective delivery methods. Ideally, an RNA nanocarrier should provide protection from blood nucleases and extended blood circulation, which ultimately would increase the possibility of reaching the target tissue. The delivery system must then be internalized by the target cell and, upon receptor-mediated endocytosis, must be able to escape from the endosomal compartment into the cell cytoplasm, where the RNA machinery is located, while avoiding degradation by lysosomal enzymes. Further, delivery systems for systemic administration ought to be well tolerated upon administration. They should be safe, enabling the multiadministration treatment modalities required for improved clinical outcomes and, from a developmental point of view, production of large batches with reproducible specifications is also desirable. In this review, the concept of self-amplifying RNA vaccines and the most promising lipid-based delivery systems are discussed.This work was supported by the Basque Government's Department of Education, Universities and Investigation (IT-341-10)

Los influencers como soporte publicitario en la red social Instagram

Vivimos en un mundo más conectado que nunca en el que las marcas han visto en las redes sociales un nuevo medio para publicitarse, a través del fenómeno emergente de los influencers. Siempre han existido embajadores de marca, pero actualmente estas personas establecen conexiones con su público objetivo de manera que se crean vínculos entre las marcas y los consumidores que rompen con el modelo tradicional de publicidad.Esta investigación busca conocer las características que debe tener un influencer y de qué manera éstas son interesantes para las marcas en la red social Instagram.Grado en Publicidad y Relaciones Pública

The radical inclusive curriculum: contributions toward a theory of complete education

This paper contributes to curriculum theory from the perspective of a fundamental critique of education. Its objective is twofold: to analyze both traditional and critical approaches to the curriculum and the types of education that fow from them and to propose changes that could result in signifcant improvements to the curricula through the radical and inclusive approach. The principles of pedagogy are redefned from the standpoint of this approach, aiming to enhance the educational potential of the curricula. The method of the paper is hermeneutic and dialectical, critically disputing the utility of curriculum theory and of the international policies that drive current educational practice. The essay’s arguments are developed throughout in the dialogical space between the critique and the proposed changes. These arguments are oriented toward complementarity and aim to redefne education and the curriculum in terms of complexity and a higher level of consciousness. The conclusions suggest that the radical and inclusive approach can produce signifcant, thoroughgoing change in curricula, education, and pedagogyOpen Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This work was supported by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) (Spain) and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) under Grant EDU2017-85296-

Formats emergents en televisió: anàlisi comparativa d'aplicacions publicitàries interactives en HbbTV

Un format capdavanter emergent és l'HbbTV, estàndard televisiu relativament recent que aposta per la interactivitat. Aquesta relació més pròxima a l'usuari il·lumina opcions de monetització, els principals beneficiaris de les quals són els sectors audiovisual i tecnològic. En aquesta investigació, que segueix una metodologia comparativa, s'analitzen els resultats aconseguits per campanyes de publicitat interactiva dutes a terme el 2015 i a inicis de 2016 en canals televisius d'Espanya i Alemanya amb dos enfocaments complementaris: el seguiment i l'interès per uns espots publicitaris (Alemanya) i la capacitat de reacció davant la proposta d'interactuar amb espots publicitaris (Espanya). En aquest ús de l'HbbTV s'observa un CTR (ràtio de clics d'entrada) superior al d'altres suports i una interacció elevada de l'espectador amb les preguntes plantejades.HbbTV is a leading emerging format, a television standard that focuses on interactivity. A closer relationship with users such as this inspires a range of monetisation options, the main beneficiaries of which are the audiovisual and technological sectors. Through a comparative methodology, this research paper analyses the results achieved in interactive advertising campaigns carried out in 2015 and early 2016 on television channels in Spain and Germany adopting two complementary approaches: monitoring of and interest in commercials (Germany); and reactive ability in relation to the proposal to interact with commercials (Spain). In this use of HbbTV, we observe a CTR (Click Through Rate) that is higher than that of other media formats along with greater viewer interaction to the questions posed

Métodos de enriquecimiento de glicoproteínas bacterianas para su posterior análisis y caracterización mediante espectrometría de masas

Comunicaciones a congreso

The Role of PK/PD Analysis in the Development and Evaluation of Antimicrobials

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analysis has proved to be very useful to establish rational dosage regimens of antimicrobial agents in human and veterinary medicine. Actually, PK/PD studies are included in the European Medicines Agency (EMA) guidelines for the evaluation of medicinal products. The PK/PD approach implies the use of in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models, as well as mathematical models to describe the relationship between the kinetics and the dynamic to determine the optimal dosing regimens of antimicrobials, but also to establish susceptibility breakpoints, and prevention of resistance. The final goal is to optimize therapy in order to maximize efficacy and minimize side effects and emergence of resistance. In this review, we revise the PK/PD principles and the models to investigate the relationship between the PK and the PD of antibiotics. Additionally, we highlight the outstanding role of the PK/PD analysis at different levels, from the development and evaluation of new antibiotics to the optimization of the dosage regimens of currently available drugs, both for human and animal use.This research was funded by the Department of Education of the Basque Government (PIBA 2019-57) and by the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU (GIU 17/32)

Contexte de L´pçedagpgoe de la mort en Espagne

La Pedagogía de la Muerte define un ámbito de investigación, formación e innovación educativa emergente. Se fundamenta en su posible habilitación educativa y didáctica en todos los niveles educativos y en su carácter fundamental para la formación. En poco más de diez años, el trabajo de un reducido grupo de autores ha puesto a España como uno de los escasos países en los que su desarrollo ha sido intenso, coherente y crecientemente demandado. Los trabajos invitan a vislumbrar una Pedagogía más abierta, más profunda y orientada por una teleología que tenga en cuenta las características esenciales del ser humano y su propia evolución. En el presente trabajo se realiza una revisión teórica de aportaciones realizadas por los más destacados autores españoles, analizando algunas de sus contribuciones e implicaciones. El artículo se divide en tres partes: Introducción, estudios y propuestas de Pedagogía de la Muerte en España, y conclusiones. Las propuestas se abordan en función de si están centradas en el valor formativo de la muerte para la evolución como ámbito perenne del ser humano, en la normalización de la muerte en la educación, en la intervención educativa paliativa o en el análisis de experiencias didácticas y de formación de profesorado. En las conclusiones se reflexiona sobre algunos retos que en un futuro pueden contribuir a la evolución de la Pedagogía de la Muerte. Entre ellas, el intercambio internacional de experiencias y el desarrollo de investigaciones científicas conjuntas que favorezcan la inclusión curricular de la muerte como elemento formativo.Pedagogy of Death is defined as a field of research, training and educational innovation emerging. It is based on their possible educational inclusion and its importance to formation. In just over ten years, the work of a small group of authors has pointed Spain as one of the few countries where development of the field has been intense, consistent and with a growing demand. The works invite to envision a more open Pedagogy, deeper and guided by a teleology that takes into account the essential characteristics of human beings and their own evolution. In this article, a theoretical review of work made by leading Spanish authors is done, discussing some of their contributions and implications. The article is divided into three parts: Introduction, studies and proposals for Pedagogy of Death in Spain, and conclusions. The proposals are discussed in terms of whether they are focused on the educational value of death for evolution as a perennial field in human beings, normalization of death in education, palliative intervention or analysis of learning experiences and teacher training. The conclusions reflect on some challenges that can contribute to future developments in Pedagogy of Death. Among them, the international exchange of experiences and development of joint scientific research that support the curricular inclusion of death as a formative element.La pédagogie de la mort définit un champ de recherche, de formation et de l'innovation éducative émergente. Elle est basée sur son potentiel éducatif et pédagogique à tous les niveaux de l'éducation et son rôle central dans l'enseignement. En un peu plus de dix ans, le travail d'un petit groupe d'auteurs a fait de l'Espagne l'un des rares pays dans lequel son développement a été intense, cohérent et de plus en plus demandé. Ces oeuvres nous invitent à entrevoir une pédagogie plus ouverte, plus profonde et guidée par une téléologie qui prend en compte les caractéristiques essentielles des êtres humains et de leur propre évolution. Cette étude présente un examen théorique des contributions apportées par les principaux auteurs espagnoles, l'analyse de certains de leurs contributions et leurs implications pédagogiques. L'article est divisé en trois parties: introduction, des études et des propositions de la pédagogie de la mort en Espagne, et les conclusions. Différentes propositions sont présentées en se concentrant sur la valeur éducative de la mort, pour l'évolution, comprise comme un point permanent de l'être humain ; d'autres propositions sont relatives à la normalisation de la mort dans l'éducation, l´intervention éducative palliatif ou l'analyse d'expériences d'apprentissage et de formation des enseignants. Dans les conclusions il y a des réflexions sur certains défis que dans l'avenir peuvent contribuer au développement de la pédagogie de la mort. Parmi eux, l'échange international d'expériences, et le développement de la recherche scientifique conjointe qui encourage l'inclusion curriculaire de la mort comme un élément formatif

El concepto de muerte en jóvenes con discapacidad intelectual: Una contribución a la pedagogía de la muerte

A pesar de ser una condición esencial del ser humano, la muerte es un ámbito poco investigado en el esfuerzo por mejorar la calidad de vida de personas con discapacidad intelectual. En este artículo se describe una investigación sobre el concepto de muerte en jóvenes con discapacidad intelectual. Se hace a través de una metodología mixta que incluye un enfoque cuantitativo y cualitativo, utilizando un cuestionario y una entrevista semiestructurada. Los resultados indican que los participantes tienen dificultades en la comprensión de las dimensiones biológicas de la muerte. Además, se ha encontrado una amplia variedad de opiniones, actitudes y creencias sobre la muerte. En las conclusiones se reflexiona sobre las implicaciones de estos resultados en una posible pedagogía de la muerte en personas adultas con discapacidad intelectual que incluya el acompañamiento en el dueloDespite being an essential human condition, death is an under-researched area in the effort to improve people with intellectual disabilities’ life quality. In this article we describe the concept of death among young people with intellectual disabilities. A mixed research methodology that includes quantitative and qualitative approaches was employed, including both a questionnaire and a semi-structured interview. Results indicate that participants have difficulty understanding of biological dimensions of death. Moreover, it has been found that participants present a wide range of opinions, attitudes and beliefs about death. Conclusions reflect on implications of these results for a possible pedagogy on death in young adults that would include accompaniment during bereavemen