Cost model for bitstream access services with QoS parameters

The European Regulator Group (ERG) defines Bitstream Access Service as a wholesale service offered by a broadband network operator with significant market power to an Internet Service Provider, and identifies it as a market subject to regulation. This paper develops a cost model for the Bitstream Access Service under xDSL technology, following the recommendations of the ERG, considering different user classes with differentiated QoS requirements. For this purpose, three traffic engineering methods are analysed: separate virtual tunnels, over-engineering and priority queuing technique

Bottom-up cost modelling for bitstream services in broadband access networks

This contribution provides a definition of Bitstream Access Services and shows its importance inside the European Regulation. For this purpose a traffic model for the bitstream services is developed and a network structure for the corresponding broadband access network is determined. Additionally the contribution provides a model for a cost optimal Network planning and dimensioning and indicates a corresponding tool implementation. The cost model to be applied is exposed and applied to a network example. Additionally some problems arising for QoS differentiation in providing bitstream access services are shown and a first approach is indicated

Modelo analítico para el dimensionado de la RPT/RDSI con tráfico de voz y acceso a Internet

Internet access through the public switched telephone network, PSTN/ISDN, produces changes in the characteristics of traffic managed by this kind of networks. Under this situation, traditional network dimensioning using Erlang model results excessively optimistic. This article develops a simple model to approach traditional methods to current PSTN/ISDN traffic features including the effect of call repetition. The analytical model obtained for traffic dimensioning is validated with simulation models, and have been integrated in tools for design and dimensioning of PSTN/ISDN networks

Digitalizing an electrically self-sufficient social dwelling of Spain

The urgent climate situation resulting from the indiscriminate consumption of fossil fuels together with the current geopolitical instability has prompted a series of policies in Europe to boost the energy transition through the large-scale installation of renewable energy sources (RES). To combat the intermittency and fluctuations associated with their operation, renewable hydrogen is presented as a versatile solution to decarbonize different economic sectors. Hence, the design and implementation of a hybrid renewable-hydrogen power system has turn out in the first electrically self-sufficient social housing of Spain installed in the town of Novales (Cantabria, Spain). The entire process is automated and controlled by a programmable logic controller (PLC) and monitored by a SCADA system. Under this framework, the HY2RES project proposes a digital twin (DT) modeling of the pilot plant to optimize the control system and the operating parameters thanks to the application of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to the data collected. The paper shows some initial results of the proposed DT, which features the electrical components of the physical system. The obtained results both validate the proposed methodology and evince the possibilities brought by it.This research is being supported by projects TED2021-129951B-C21, TED2021-129951B-C22 and PLEC2021- 007718 financed by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and European Union Next GenerationEU/RTRP. The authors also acknowledge the project PID2021-123120OB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ FEDER, UE

Modelos de costes y regulación en redes y servicios de telecomunicación

This paper outlines the basis of the cost models applied to telecommunication networks. These models are mainly applied for three different purposes, interconnection tariffs, call terminating services and wholesale and retail service prices. Additionally a specific model, which is widely applied in traditional fixed networks like RDSI, named FL-LRIC is further explained and some applications and practical examples are exposed

Boosting IoT data valorization through the adoption of DLT

During the last decade Internet of Things has become one of the key technologies in supporting digital transformation of several ecosystems such urban or industry ones. The huge amount of data generated in such contexts as well as the imperative requirements in terms of trustworthiness, authenticity and integrity make compulsory the adoption of the proper solutions fitting those requirements. This paper presents the design, implementation and validation of a distributed ledger technology architecture emphasizing services linked to data valorization.This work is supported by the TOKEN Project: “Transformative Impact Of BlocKchain tEchnologies iN Public Services”, Grant Agreement 870603, belonging to the H2020 Framework Program. The authors want to acknowledge the valuable work carried out by the colleagues participating in this initiative

Modelado de un gemelo digital para la optimización de un sistema de auto-abastecimiento energético de uso residencial

La preocupante situación climática y la crisis energética, junto con la actual inestabilidad política, ha impulsado en Europa una serie de políticas que favorezcan la instalación de fuentes de energía renovables. Para combatir la intermitencia y las fluctuaciones asociadas a su funcionamiento, el hidrogeno renovable se presenta como una solución de interés para descarbonizar diferentes sectores económicos. Así, el diseño e implementación de un sistema híbrido de energía renovable-hidrogeno ha dado como resultado la primera vivienda social eléctricamente autosuficiente de España, situada en la localidad de Novales (Cantabria). Por otro lado, la digitalización de este tipo de sistemas permitiría una adaptación automática a situaciones cambiantes, incrementando la eficiencia energética. En este contexto, el proyecto HY2RES propone una arquitectura de gemelo digital que, utilizando técnicas de aprendizaje automático e inteligencia artificial, facilite la optimización del rendimiento del sistema físico, mediante la actuación sobre sus elementos de control. Para ello se plantea el uso de soluciones de telemetría que permitan la captación y almacenamiento de datos del propio sistema físico y del entorno (por ejemplo, meteorológicos), cuando sea necesario. Este trabajo muestra algunos resultados iniciales del gemelo digital propuesto, que incorpora modelos de los componentes eléctricos del sistema físico.Este trabajo ha sido financiado por el Gobierno de España (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación), y por la Unión Europea (Next GenerationEU/RTRP) a través de los proyectos Gemelo digital de un sistema híbrido solar fotovoltaica-hidrogeno para el abastecimiento en el ámbito residencial (TED2021-129951B-C22) y Piloto demostrador de un sistema híbrido solar fotovoltaica-hidrogeno para el abastecimiento energético en el ámbito residencial (TED2021-129951B-C21), así como por el Gobierno de Cantabria a través del proyecto “Tecnologías habilitadoras de Gemelos Digitales y su aplicación a los sectores químico y de comunicaciones” (GDQuiC) del programa “Ayudas a proyectos de investigación con alto potencial industrial de agentes tecnológicos de excelencia para la competitividad industrial TCNIC”

Applied diagnostics in liver cancer. Efficient combinations of sorafenib with targeted inhibitors blocking AKT/mTOR

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. There is increasing interest in developing specific markers to serve as predictors of response to sorafenib and to guide targeted therapy. Using a sequencing platform designed to study somatic mutations in a selection of 112 genes (HepatoExome), we aimed to characterize lesions from HCC patients and cell lines, and to use the data to study the biological and mechanistic effects of case-specific targeted therapies used alone or in combination with sorafenib. We characterized 331 HCC cases in silico and 32 paired samples obtained prospectively from primary tumors of HCC patients. Each case was analyzed in a time compatible with the requirements of the clinic (within 15 days). In 53% of the discovery cohort cases, we detected unique mutational signatures, with up to 34% of them carrying mutated genes with the potential to guide therapy. In a panel of HCC cell lines, each characterized by a specific mutational signature, sorafenib elicited heterogeneous mechanistic and biological responses, whereas targeted therapy provoked the robust inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis along with the blockage of AKT/mTOR signaling. The combination of sorafenib with targeted therapies exhibited synergistic anti-HCC biological activity concomitantly with highly effective inhibition of MAPK and AKT/mTOR signaling. Thus, somatic mutations may lead to identify case-specific mechanisms of disease in HCC lesions arising from multiple etiologies. Moreover, targeted therapies guided by molecular characterization, used alone or in combination with sorafenib, can effectively block important HCC disease mechanisms.FUNDING: Grants from ISCIII, co-financed by the European Union (FEDER) (PI16/00156), Ramón and Cajal research program from MINECO (RYC-2013-14097) and FUNDACIÓN LUCHAMOS POR LA VIDA to JPV. Grants from ISCIII (RD06/0020/0107-RD012/0036/0060) to MAP. Grant from ISCIII (Ref. PIE15/00079) to JC & JPV. NGD is a recipient of a UC-IDIVAL pre-doctoral fellow. I.V. was also supported by the Ramón and Cajal research program

Population-based multicase-control study in common tumors in Spain (MCC-Spain): rationale and study design

Introduction: We present the protocol of a large population-based case-control study of 5 common tumors in Spain (MCC-Spain) that evaluates environmental exposures and genetic factors. Methods: Between 2008-2013, 10,183 persons aged 20-85 years were enrolled in 23 hospitals and primary care centres in 12 Spanish provinces including 1,115 cases of a new diagnosis of prostate cancer, 1,750 of breast cancer, 2,171 of colorectal cancer, 492 of gastro-oesophageal cancer, 554 cases of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and 4,101 population-based controls matched by frequency to cases by age, sex and region of residence. Participation rates ranged from 57% (stomach cancer) to 87% (CLL cases) and from 30% to 77% in controls. Participants completed a face-to-face computerized interview on sociodemographic factors, environmental exposures, occupation, medication, lifestyle, and personal and family medical history. In addition, participants completed a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire and telephone interviews. Blood samples were collected from 76% of participants while saliva samples were collected in CLL cases and participants refusing blood extractions. Clinical information was recorded for cases and paraffin blocks and/or fresh tumor samples are available in most collaborating hospitals. Genotyping was done through an exome array enriched with genetic markers in specific pathways. Multiple analyses are planned to assess the association of environmental, personal and genetic risk factors for each tumor and to identify pleiotropic effects. Discussion: This study, conducted within the Spanish Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), is a unique initiative to evaluate etiological factors for common cancers and will promote cancer research and prevention in Spain.The study was partially funded by the “Accion Transversal del Cancer”, approved on the Spanish Ministry Council on the 11th October 2007, by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III-FEDER (PI08/1770, PI08/0533, PI08/1359, PS09/00773, PS09/01286, PS09/01903, PS09/02078, PS09/01662, PI11/01403, PI11/01889, PI11/00226, PI11/01810, PI11/02213, PI12/00488, PI12/00265, PI12/01270, PI12/00715, PI12/00150), by the Fundación Marqués de Valdecilla (API 10/09), by the ICGC International Cancer Genome Consortium CLL, by the Junta de Castilla y León (LE22A10-2), by the Consejería de Salud of the Junta de Andalucía (PI-0571), by the Conselleria de Sanitat of the Generalitat Valenciana (AP 061/10), by the Recercaixa (2010ACUP 00310), by the Regional Government of the Basque Country by European Commission grants FOOD-CT- 2006-036224-HIWATE, by the Spanish Association Against Cancer (AECC) Scientific Foundation, by the The Catalan Government DURSI grant 2009SGR1489

Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Interpretation: By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning