Four millennia of Iberian biomolecular prehistory illustrate the impact of prehistoric migrations at the far end of Eurasia

Abstract: Population genomic studies of ancient human remains have shown how modern-day European population structure has been shaped by a number of prehistoric migrations. The Neolithization of Europe has been associated with large-scale migrations from Anatolia, which was followed by migrations of herders from the Pontic steppe at the onset of the Bronze Age. Southwestern Europe was one of the last parts of the continent reached by these migrations, and modern-day populations from this region show intriguing similarities to the initial Neolithic migrants. Partly due to climatic conditions that are unfavorable for DNA preservation, regional studies on the Mediterranean remain challenging. Here, we present genome-wide sequence data from 13 individuals combined with stable isotope analysis from the north and south of Iberia covering a four-millennial temporal transect (7,500–3,500 BP). Early Iberian farmers and Early Central European farmers exhibit significant genetic differences, suggesting two independent fronts of the Neolithic expansion. The first Neolithic migrants that arrived in Iberia had low levels of genetic diversity, potentially reflecting a small number of individuals; this diversity gradually increased over time from mixing with local hunter-gatherers and potential population expansion. The impact of post-Neolithic migrations on Iberia was much smaller than for the rest of the continent, showing little external influence from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. Paleodietary reconstruction shows that these populations have a remarkable degree of dietary homogeneity across space and time, suggesting a strong reliance on terrestrial food resources despite changing culture and genetic make-up

Apoyando la formulación de políticas públicas y toma de decisiones en educación utilizando técnicas de análisis de datos masivos : el caso de Chile

Artículo ganador del concurso "Call for papers: Nuevos debates, Datos para el desarrollo"Chile está impulsando una reforma educativa, siendo uno de los cambios más sustantivos la creación de los Servicios Locales de Educación Pública (SLE), que sustituirán a los municipios en la administración de la educación pública. Pero, la diversidad geográfica y socio-demográfica de Chile conlleva desafíos invisibles al diseño e implementación de políticas públicas en educación, que deben tomarse en cuenta, ya que el desempeño del sistema escolar también depende de otros factores no educativos. Usando técnicas de Ciencia de Datos, empleando como insumos en su mayoría datos abiertos provistos por el gobierno, se generó evidencia para medir aspectos del sistema educativo previamente invisibles como la falta de equidad espacial en el acceso a oferta educativa y que además cumpla estándares mínimos de aprendizaje, o la posibilidad de predecir y prevenir fenómenos de alto impacto social como son la deserción y el abandono escolar. Así, es posible evidenciar la necesaria coordinación y diálogo inter-agencias en el diseño de políticas públicas y toma de decisiones. El uso de indicadores espaciales permite visualizar la inequidad de los territorios, dando origen a una nueva generación de políticas públicas que supere la lógica y limitaciones de las divisiones político-administrativas de los territorios

Oxidative Damage in Lymphocytes of Copper Smelter Workers Correlated to Higher Levels of Excreted Arsenic

Arsenic has been associated with multiple harmful effects at the cellular level. Indirectly these defects could be related to impairment of the integrity of the immune system, in particular in lymphoid population. To characterize the effect of Arsenic on redox status on this population, copper smelter workers and arsenic unexposed donors were recruited for this study. We analyzed urine samples and lymphocyte enriched fractions from donors to determinate arsenic levels and lymphocyte proliferation. Moreover, we studied the presence of oxidative markers MDA, vitamin E and SOD activity in donor plasma. Here we demonstrated that in human beings exposed to high arsenic concentrations, lymphocyte MDA and arsenic urinary levels showed a positive correlation with SOD activity, and a negative correlation with vitamin E serum levels. Strikingly, lymphocytes from the arsenic exposed population respond to a polyclonal stimulator, phytohemaglutinin, with higher rates of thymidine incorporation than lymphocytes of a control population. As well, similar in vitro responses to arsenic were observed using a T cell line. Our results suggest that chronic human exposure to arsenic induces oxidative damage in lymphocytes and could be considered more relevant than evaluation of T cell surveillance

The relative effects of upwelling and river flow on the phytoplankton diversity patterns in the ria of A Coruña (NW Spain)

Phytoplankton species assemblages in estuaries are connected to those in rivers and marine environments by local hydrodynamics leading to a continuous flow of taxa. This study revealed differential effects of upwelling and river flow on phytoplankton communities observed in 2011 along a salinity gradient from a river reservoir connected to the sea through a ria-marine bay system in A Coruña (NW Spain, 43° 16-21’ N, 8° 16-22’ W). With 130 phytoplankton taxa identified, the assemblages were dominated in general by diatoms, particularly abundant in the bay and in the estuary, but also by chlorophycea and cyanobacteria in the reservoir. Considering the entire seasonal cycle, the local assemblages were mainly characterized by changes in cryptophytes and diatoms, small dinoflagellates and some freshwater chlorophycea. Salinity, nitrate, and organic matter variables, were the main environmental factors related to the changes in the phytoplankton communities through the system, while phosphate and nitrite were also important for local communities in the estuary and the bay, respectively. The corresponding local phytoplankton assemblages showed moderate levels of connectivity. The estuarine community shared a variable number of taxa with the adjacent zones, depending on the relative strength of upwelling (major influence from the bay) and river flow (major influence of the reservoir) but had on average 35% of unique taxa. Consequently, local and zonal diversity patterns varied seasonally and were not simply related to the salinity gradient driven by the river flow.ANILE (CTM2009-08396 and CTM2010-08804-E), FIOME (CTM2011-28792-C02-01-MAR), and MEFIO (CTM2011-28792-C02-02-MAR) of the Plan Nacional de I+D+i (Spain), and RADIALES of the Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO, Spain).Versión del editor2,01

Iron age genomic data from Althiburos – Tunisia renew the debate on the origins of African taurine cattle

The Maghreb is a key region for understanding the dynamics of cattle dispersal and admixture with local aurochs following their earliest domestication in the Fertile Crescent more than 10,000 years ago. Here, we present data on autosomal genomes and mitogenomes obtained for four archaeological specimens of Iron Age (∼2,800 cal BP–2,000 cal BP) domestic cattle from the Eastern Maghreb, i.e. Althiburos (El Kef, Tunisia). D-loop sequences were obtained for an additional eight cattle specimens from this site. Maternal lineages were assigned to the elusive R and ubiquitous African-T1 haplogroups found in two and ten Althiburos specimens, respectively. Our results can be explained by post-domestication hybridization of Althiburos cattle with local aurochs. However, we cannot rule out an independent domestication in North Africa considering the shared ancestry of Althiburos cattle with the pre-domestic Moroccan aurochs and present-day African taurine cattle.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Marker development for quality protein maize breeding and an interaction study between Opaque-2 and Ask2 genes

Quality Protein Maize (QPM) kernels contain twice the amounts of lysine and tryptophan compared to normal corn kernels. Although the opaque-2 (o2) mutation is the underlying cause of this beneficial change, other genes such as Aspartate kinase-2 (Ask2) affect the amino acid content in the endosperm to a lesser degree. To date, reports on the interaction between both loci are scarce and there are no high-throughput assays for the identification of the alleles of these genes. The objectives of this research were: 1) to study the interaction between the o2 and Ask2 genes with respect to the accumulation of amino acids in the endosperm in an F2 population, 2) to identify conserved SNPs into the o2 gene that can be used as markers, 3) to estimate the frequency of an SNP of Ask2 associated with the accumulation of lysine in the endosperm in CIMMYT germplasm, and 4) to develop high-throughput marker assays for these SNPs. The interaction study showed a preponderant effect of o2 on the accumulation of 11 amino acids (P ≤ 0.01). Ask2 appeared only to act with o2 to enhance marginally lysine, histidine and methionine levels in the double recessive homozygotes. Sequencing of amplicons at the o2 locus led to the identification of an SNP in exon 1 that discriminated all QPM (C) genotypes from non-QPM (T) genotypes. Validation of this SNP through KASP™ assays indicated that it was 92 % assertive in differentiating the o2 genotypes. In contrast, the frequency of the Ask2 SNP in CIMMYT QPM germplasm was low; however, an SSCP marker developed using this SNP detected five variants indicating that other unknown base changes may confer positive lysine-increasing responses. These markers could aid the marker-assisted selection of QPM cultivars

Concurso Bienal 1975 - 1976

Contenido Casas entre mediaderos Simón Bolivar, Santiago - Conjunto Habitacional Siete Hermanas Viña del Mar - Industria Nacional del Cemento "Inacesa" Antofagasta - Central de Adquisiciones Automotrices Santiago - Estudio preinversional de vivienda y desarrollo urbano para Iquique "Cedur" - Planeamiento del equipo escolar "Centro Metropolitano" de Concepción - Sociedad de stablecimientos Educacionales - Nuede Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Chile - Vivienda popular en Santiago de Chile - Elemento estructural Feria Municipal de la Vega Santiago - Hotel Internacional Rocas de Santo Domingo

Four millennia of Iberian biomolecular prehistory illustrate the impact of prehistoric migrations at the far end of Eurasia

Population genomic studies of ancient human remains have shown how modern-day European population structure has been shaped by a number of prehistoric migrations. The Neolithization of Europe has been associated with large-scale migrations from Anatolia, which was followed by migrations of herders from the Pontic steppe at the onset of the Bronze Age. Southwestern Europe was one of the last parts of the continent reached by these migrations, and modern-day populations from this region show intriguing similarities to the initial Neolithic migrants. Partly due to climatic conditions that are unfavorable for DNA preservation, regional studies on the Mediterranean remain challenging. Here, we present genome-wide sequence data from 13 individuals combined with stable isotope analysis from the north and south of Iberia covering a four-millennial temporal transect (7,500–3,500 BP). Early Iberian farmers and Early Central European farmers exhibit significant genetic differences, suggesting two independent fronts of the Neolithic expansion. The first Neolithic migrants that arrived in Iberia had low levels of genetic diversity, potentially reflecting a small number of individuals; this diversity gradually increased over time from mixing with local hunter-gatherers and potential population expansion. The impact of post-Neolithic migrations on Iberia was much smaller than for the rest of the continent, showing little external influence from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. Paleodietary reconstruction shows that these populations have a remarkable degree of dietary homogeneity across space and time, suggesting a strong reliance on terrestrial food resources despite changing culture and genetic make-up

Recensiones [ Revista de Historia Económica Año XIII Otoño 1995 n. 3 pp. 655-708]

Editada en la Fundación Empresa PúblicaGabriel Tortella. El desarrollo de la España contemporánea: Historia económica de los siglos XIX y XX (Por Richard Herr).-- Mercedes Cabrera. La industria, la prensa y la política, Nicolás María Urgoiti (1869- 1931) (Por Juan Pablo Fusi Aizpurúa).-- Juan Hernández Andreu y José Luis García Ruiz. Lecturas de Historia empresarial (Por Gregorio Núñez Romero-Balmas).-- Luis Javier Coronas Vida. La economía agraria de las tierras de Jaén (1500-1630) (Por Luis Garrido González).-- José Manuel Castaño Blanco. Sayago a la luz del Catastro de Ensenada. Respuestas Generales. Luis Ángel Sánchez Gómez. Sayago. Ganadería y comunalismo agropastoril. Luis Ángel Sánchez Gómez. Las dehesas de Sayago. Explotación, trabajo y estructura social (Por Ricardo Robledo).-- Pedro Sanz Legaristi. El ferrocarril anglo-vasco y la Restauración en Álava (ISHO- 1931) (Por Carlos Larrinaga Rodríguez).-- Antonio López Ontiveros y Rafael Mata Olmo. Propiedad de la tierra y reforma agraria en Córdoba (1932-1936) (Por Luis Enrique Espinoza Guerra).-- COMPAÑÍA SEVILLANA DE ELECTRICIDAD. Cien años de historia (Por Juan Manuel Mates Barco).-- Eugenia Matas. AS Finanças Públicas portuguesas da Regeneragao a Primeira Guerra Mundial. Nuno Valerio. As Finanças Públicas portuguesas entre as duas guerras mundiais. (Por Francisco Comín).-- Jaime Reis. O atraso económico portugués em perspectiva histórica: estudos sobre a economía portuguesa na segunda metade do século XIX (1830-1930) (Por Santiago Zapata Blanco).-- Juan Carlos Garavaglia y Juan Carlos Grosso. Puebla desde una perspectiva microhistórica. La villa de Tepeaca y su entorno agrario: población, producción e intercambio (1740-1870) (Por Carlos Marichal).-- Carmelo Mesa-Lago. Breve Historia económica de la Cuba Socialista. Políticas, resultados y perspectivas (Por Doria González Fernández).-- Phyllis Deane. El Estado y el sistema económico. Introducción a la historia de la economía política (Por Carlos Rodríguez Braun).-- Lorenzo del Planta y Rosella Rettaroli. Introduzione alia demografía storica (Por Josep Bernabeu Mestre).-- Claudia Goldin y Hugh Rockoft. Strategic Factors in Nineteenth Century American Economic History: A volume to honor R. W. Fogel (Por Alfonso Díaz).-- John Habakkuk. Marriage, Debt, and the Estates System. English Landownership 1630-1930 (Por Juan Carmona).-- Forrest H. Capie. Tariffs and growth. Some ilustration from the ivorld economy 1830-1940 (Por Antonio Tena).-- Michael D. Bordo y Barry Eichengreen. A Retrospectíve on the Bretton Woods System: Lessons for International Monetary Reform (Por Félix Várela Parache)Publicad

To the Field of Stars : Stable isotope analysis of Medieval pilgrims and populations along the Camino de Santiago in Navarre and Aragon, Spain

The Camino de Santiago emerged in the first half of the 9th century CE following the reported discovery of the remains of the Apostle St James by the bishop of Iria-Flavia, Teodomiro. Since then, hundreds of thousands of pilgrims have walked from different parts of the Iberian Peninsula, Europe, and further afield to Santiago de Compostela's Cathedral. This route was particularly important to the populations of Navarre and Aragon, two kingdoms in northern Spain that rose to prominence with the resurgence of Christianity from the 11th century onwards. Here, we present multidisciplinary analysis of medieval individuals buried in Navarre and Aragon at a time when the Camino de Santiago was reaching its peak of popularity (11th-15th centuries CE). We use stable isotope analysis (δ15N, δ13C, δ18O, and δ13Cap) and radiocarbon dating to investigate a total of 82 human individuals together with 42 fauna samples from 8 different archaeological sites located in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula. Twenty of these individuals were buried with a scallop shell, a symbol of a pilgrim who had completed the Camino de Santiago. Our data corroborate the use of the pilgrim's shell since at least the 11th century CE. Moreover, our results suggest that the pilgrimage was mainly an urban phenomenon for populations from the northern Iberian Peninsula, conducted equally by women and men, although with indications that female pilgrims may have had greater access to animal protein than their male counterparts. Our results represent the largest isotopic dataset of medieval individuals linked to the Camino de Santiago, allowing us to further investigate the origins and diets of potential pilgrims and, more generally, other sampled portions of northeastern Iberian society