Estrategias did?cticas para el mejoramiento de los procesos de desarrollo moral de las ni?as y los ni?os de dos instituciones educativas de Santander a trav?s de la clase de ?tica y valores

167 P?ginasEl presente proyecto de investigaci?n corresponde a los fundamentos del enfoque cualitativo y busca dar respuesta a la pregunta ?Qu? estrategias did?cticas se pueden emplear para el mejoramiento de los procesos de desarrollo moral de las ni?as y los ni?os de dos instituciones educativas de Santander, a trav?s de la clase de ?tica y valores? Par ello se pens? en la propuesta de innovaci?n como una forma posible de aportar a la formaci?n de los educandos, espec?ficamente en el aspecto a tratar. La propuesta de innovaci?n pedag?gica que se ha planteado, establece la posibilidad de aportar al desarrollo moral de los ni?os y las ni?as. Para ello se han retomado los fundamentos de Kohlberg y se ha dise?ado una matriz pedag?gica que contempla como mecanismo de acci?n: unas tem?ticas por grados de primero a quinto de b?sica primaria, las edades pertinentes, los objetivos, algunas actividades a manera de propuesta y las intenciones. Se evidencian en este trabajo, parte de los alcances de la propuesta, mediante la aplicaci?n de un pre test y un pos test. Donde el trabajo colaborativo y un proceso pedag?gico, pensado y bien intencionado, puede aportar a la formaci?n ?tica y moral de los educandos y de esta manera contribuir al desarrollo de nuestra sociedad.ABSTRACT. This research project corresponds to the fundamentals of the qualitative approach and seeks to answer the question: What teaching strategies can be employed to improve the processes of moral development of girls and children from two schools of Santander, through class of ethics and values? Even thought it is the proposed innovation as a possible way to contribute to the training of students, specifically in the aspect to be treated. The proposed educational innovation that has been raised provides the possibility to contribute to the moral development of children. This has been picking up the basics of Kohlberg and designed an array pedagogical seen as mechanism of action: a thematic for first through fifth grades of elementary school, age relevant objectives, some way of proposed activities and intentions. It is evident in this work, part of the scope of the proposal, by applying a pre-test and posttest. Where collaborative work and learning process, thought and well-intentioned, can contribute to the ethical and moral formation of students and thus contribute to the development of our society.INTRODUCCI?N 14 1. PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA 16 1.1 JUSTIFICACI?N 17 1.2 OBJETIVOS 19 1.2.1 Objetivo general 19 1.2.2 Objetivos espec?ficos 20 2. DESCRIPCION DE LA POBLACION 21 3. MARCO DE REFERENCIA 22 3.1 ANTECEDENTES INVESTIGATIVOS 22 3.1.1 ?Valores educativos de alumnos de una escuela normal del estado de Yucat?n? 22 3.1.2 ?Juicio Moral en universitarios de la ciudad de Lima? 23 3.1.3 ?Implicaciones morales y emocionales que impiden la autorregulaci?n en el aprendizaje de ni?o y ni?as 23 3.2 MARCO LEGAL 25 3.3 MARCO TE?RICO 27 3.3.1 La personalidad 28 3.3.2 El desarrollo moral 30 3.3.2.1 Aspectos Psicol?gicos 32 3.3.2.2. Aspectos Sociales 34 3.3.2.3 Sobre la adquisici?n de normas 40 3.3.2.4 La justicia 41 3.3.2.5 El juicio moral y estadios del desarrollo moral 42 3.3.2.6 Clasificaci?n del juicio moral en niveles y estadios de desarrollo . 46 3.3.2.7 Descripci?n te?rica de los estadios morales 48 3.3.2.8 La moral y la teor?a 51 3.3.2.9 Familia 53 3.3.2.10 Escuela 56 3.3.2.11 Plan de estudios 59 3.3.2.12 ?tica y valores: fundamentos apoyados por el MEN 60 4. METODOLOG?A 64 4.1 ENFOQUE DE LA INVESTIGACI?N 64 4.2 DISE?O METODOL?GICO 65 4.3 PROCESO DE RECOLECCI?N DE LA INFORMACI?N 67 4.3.1 Pre test o un taller pedag?gico 67 4.3.2 Taller investigativo 67 4.3.3 Encuestas de selecci?n m?ltiple 69 4.4 REGISTRO DE LA INFORMACI?N 69 4.5 AN?LISIS DE LA INFORMACI?N 70 4.5.1 Encuesta a expertos 70 4.5.2 Encuestas a padres de familia 86 4.5.4 Triangulaci?n de la informaci?n 113 4.6 PROPUESTA DID?CTICA 116 4.6.1 Plan de ?rea de ?tica y valores 117 4.7 CRONOGRAMA DE ACTIVIDADES 125 5. CONCLUSIONES 126 6. RECOMENDACIONES 128 LISTA DE REFERENCIAS 129 ANEXOS 13

Psychiatric comorbidities in Asperger syndrome are related with polygenic overlap and differ from other Autism subtypes

There is great phenotypic heterogeneity within autism spectrum disorders (ASD), which has led to question their classification into a single diagnostic category. The study of the common genetic variation in ASD has suggested a greater contribution of other psychiatric conditions in Asperger syndrome (AS) than in the rest of the DSM-IV ASD subtypes (Non_AS). Here, using available genetic data from previously performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS), we aimed to study the genetic overlap between five of the most related disorders (schizophrenia (SCZ), major depression disorder (MDD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) and anxiety (ANX)), and AS, comparing it with the overlap in Non_AS subtypes. A Spanish cohort of autism trios (N = 371) was exome sequenced as part of the Autism Sequencing Consortium (ASC) and 241 trios were extensively characterized to be diagnosed with AS following DSM-IV and Gillberg's criteria (N = 39) or not (N = 202). Following exome imputation, polygenic risk scores (PRS) were calculated for ASD, SCZ, ADHD, MDD, ANX, and OCD (from available summary data from Psychiatric Genomic Consortium (PGC) repository) in the Spanish trios' cohort. By using polygenic transmission disequilibrium test (pTDT), we reported that risk for SCZ (Pscz = 0.008, corrected-PSCZ = 0.0409), ADHD (PADHD = 0.021, corrected-PADHD = 0.0301), and MDD (PMDD = 0.039, corrected-PMDD = 0.0501) is over-transmitted to children with AS but not to Non_AS. Indeed, agnostic clustering procedure with deviation values from pTDT tests suggested two differentiated clusters of subjects, one of which is significantly enriched in AS (P = 0.025). Subsequent analysis with S-Predixcan, a recently developed software to predict gene expression from genotype data, revealed a clear pattern of correlation between cortical gene expression in ADHD and AS (P < 0.001) and a similar strong correlation pattern between MDD and AS, but also extendable to another non-brain tissue such as lung (P < 0.001). Altogether, these results support the idea of AS being qualitatively distinct from Non_AS autism and consistently evidence the genetic overlap between AS and ADHD, MDD, or SCZ

Corrosion Behavior of Alloy 22 in Chloride Solutions Containing Organic Acids

Alloy 22 (N06022) is a nickel based alloy containing alloying elements such as chromium, molybdenum and tungsten. It is highly corrosion resistant both under reducing and under oxidizing conditions. Electrochemical studies such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were performed to determine the corrosion behavior of Alloy 22 in 1M NaCl solutions at various pH values from acidic to neutral at 90 C. Tests were also carried out in NaCl solutions containing oxalic acid or acetic acid. It is shown that the corrosion rate of Alloy 22 was higher in a solution containing oxalic acid than in a solution of the same pH acidified with HCl. Acetic acid was not corrosive to Alloy 22. The corrosivity of oxalic acid was attributed to its capacity to form stable complex species with metallic cations from Alloy 22

Efectos de las pr?cticas de recuperaci?n de servicios en los clientes del sector financiero

El presente trabajo de investigaci?n explora el impacto de las caracter?sticas de un fallo en el servicio y de las emociones generadas por las pr?cticas de recuperaci?n implementadas por las entidades financieras sobre las conductas de los clientes afectados por dichos fallos. Adem?s, considera a la satisfacci?n del cliente despu?s de haber recibido una pr?ctica de recuperaci?n ? satisfacci?n post recuperaci?n ? como variable moderadora en las relaciones entre las variables antes expuestas. Esta investigaci?n toma relevancia en un sector como el financiero dado el importante porcentaje de quejas y reclamos que se presentan

Probing the near infrared stellar population of Seyfert galaxies

We employ IRTF SpeX NIR (0.8-2.4 microns) spectra to investigate the stellar population (SP), active galactic nuclei (AGN) featureless continuum (FC) and hot dust properties in 9 Sy 1 and 15 Sy 2 galaxies. Both the starlight code and the hot dust as an additional base element were used for the first time in this spectral range. We found evidence of correlation among the equivalent widths (W) Si I 1.59 microns x Mg I 1.58 microns, equally for both kinds of activity. Part of the W{Na I 2.21 microns} and W {CO 2.3 microns} strengths may be related to galaxy inclination. Our synthesis shows significant differences between Sy 1 and Sy 2 galaxies: the hot dust component is required to fit the K-band spectra of ~90% of the Sy 1 galaxies, and only of ~25% of the Sy 2; about 50 % of the Sy 2 galaxies require a $FC$ component contribution >20%, while this fraction increases to 60% in the Sy 1; also, in about 50 % of the Sy2, the combined FC and young components contribute with more than 20%, while this occurs in 90% of the Sy1, suggesting recent star formation in the central region. The central few hundred parsecs of our galaxy sample contain a substantial fraction of intermediate-age SPs with a mean metallicity near solar. Our SP synthesis confirms that the 1.1 micron CN band can be used as a tracer of intermediate-age SPs. The simultaneous fitting of SP, FC and hot dust components increased in ~150% the number of AGNs with hot dust detected and the mass estimated. The NIR emerges as an excellent window to study the stellar population of Sy 1 galaxies, as opposed to the usually heavily attenuated optical range. Our approach opens a new way to investigate and quantify the individual contribution of the three most important NIR continuum components observed in AGNs.Comment: The paper contains 14 figures and 5 tables. Accepted for publication in MNRA

Effect of Organic Acid Additions on the General and Localized Corrosion Susceptibility of Alloy 22 in Chloride Solutions

Electrochemical studies such as cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were performed to determine the corrosion behavior of Alloy 22 (N06022) in 1M NaCl solutions at various pH values from acidic to neutral at 90 C. All the tested material was wrought Mill Annealed (MA). Tests were also performed in NaCl solutions containing weak organic acids such as oxalic, acetic, citric and picric. Results show that the corrosion rate of Alloy 22 was significantly higher in solutions containing oxalic acid than in solutions of pure NaCl at the same pH. Citric and picric acids showed a slightly higher corrosion rate, and acetic acid maintained the corrosion rate of pure chloride solutions at the same pH. Organic acids revealed to be weak inhibitors for crevice corrosion. Higher concentration ratios, compared to nitrate ions, were needed to completely inhibit crevice corrosion in chloride solutions. Results are discussed considering acid dissociation constants, buffer capacity and complex formation constants of the different weak acids

Effectiveness of steroids versus placebo in preventing upper airway obstruction after extubation in critically ill children: rationale and design of a multicentric, double-blind, randomized study

BACKGROUND: Post-extubation upper airway obstruction (UAO) is a frequent complication causing stridor and respiratory distress, which occasionally require reintubation, thereby increasing morbidity and mortality rates. Contradictory results have been obtained in studies assessing the effectiveness of steroids in preventing post-extubation UAO, and the available evidence is limited. We designed a multicentric randomized, placebo-controlled study to explore the effectiveness of dexamethasone in preventing post-extubation UAO in children. METHODS: A multicentric, prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase IV clinical trial has been designed. The sample will include pediatric patients who are between 1 month and 16 years of age and who have been intubated for more than 48 h. Patients who have airway disorders or who have received steroids within the previous seven days will be excluded. Patients will be randomly assigned to receive either placebo or a therapy with dexamethasone 0.25 mg/kg every 6 h to be started 6 to 12 h prior to extubation (to a total of four doses). Randomization will be performed at a 1:1 ratio. Follow-up of patients will be carried out for 48 h after extubation. The main objective of this study is to access the reduction in the incidence of moderate to severe UAO symptoms following extubation. Secondary objectives include assessing the decrease in the incidence of reintubation, evaluating the use of additional therapies for UAO, and monitoring potential side effects of dexamethasone. DISCUSSION: The results of this study will contribute to the existing evidence on prophylaxis for post-extubation airway obstruction. TRIAL REGISTRATION: EudraCT identifier: 2009-016596-30. Registered on May 11, 2010

Factores que influyen en la intenci?n de compra de veh?culos livianos chinos en el consumidor final de Lima Metropolitana

El entorno econ?mico, social y cultural, tienen mucha influencia en las tendencias de consumo en diversas sociedades, reflejado en el comportamiento de los consumidores. La investigaci?n busc? identificar los factores que influyen en la intenci?n de compra de veh?culos livianos chinos en el mercado de Lima Metropolitana, enfocado desde la teor?a del comportamiento planificado, con un abordaje metodol?gico mixto, con entrevista a 11 expertos y encuesta a 240 personas, elegidos por muestreo no probabil?stico, haciendo referencia a criterios establecidos. Se concluye que los veh?culos livianos chinos han ganado mayor participaci?n en el mercado de Lima Metropolitana, lo que explica la acogida que tuvo en el mercado peruano, a pesar de la desaceleraci?n econ?mica. Se identific? ocho factores: precio percibido, calidad percibida, experiencia previa, innovaci?n percibida, conocimiento, servicio postventa, influencia social, recursos y oportunidades, considerados como importantes entre los consumidores de Lima Metropolitana en la intenci?n de compra veh?culos livianos chinos. Los factores como conocimiento, servicio postventa, influencia social, recursos y oportunidades, han tenido mayor influencia en la intenci?n de compra. En tanto que la experiencia previa, la calidad percibida y la innovaci?n percibida, no han tenido impacto significativo en la intenci?n de compra, de veh?culos livianos chinos en Lima Metropolitana

An?lisis de la cultura organizacional y liderazgo transformacional de la Policia Nacional del Per? : caso comisarias PNP Canto Rey, La Huatrona y Z?rate

La Polic?a Nacional del Per?, tiene como una finalidad fundamental garantizar, mantener y restablecer el orden interno; siendo las Comisar?as el principal punto de contacto con la poblaci?n. El liderazgo y la cultura organizacional son aspectos importantes para la marcha de una organizaci?n, por lo cual se busc? investigar si existe una relaci?n entre el liderazgo transformacional y las cuatro dimensiones de la cultura organizacional de las Comisar?as PNP Canto Rey, Z?rate y La Huayrona. Para determinar tal relaci?n se aplicaron, en un momento determinado, dos instrumentos, para la variable Liderazgo Transformacional y para la variable Cultura Organizacional, a una muestra compuesta por 352 efectivos policiales que laboran en las Comisar?as PNP Canto Rey, La Huayrona y Z?rate, lo que permiti? determinar que existe una correlaci?n entre el liderazgo transformacional y las cuatro dimensiones de la cultura organizacional de las citadas Comisar?as, permitiendo aceptar como v?lidas las hip?tesis de estudio formuladas. Por otro lado, este estudio permiti? determinar los porcentajes m?s altos y m?s bajos de cada dimensi?n y sub dimensi?n de la Cultura Organizacional de cada Comisaria, los cuales pueden mejorarse para lograr un mejor liderazgo transformacional y una cultura organizacional m?s s?lida

?Puede el dinero electr?nico facilitar el otorgamiento de microcreditos? : an?lisis del caso del Parque Industrial de Villa El Salvador - sector calzado

El 17 de enero de 2013 se public? la Ley N? 29985, Ley que regula las caracter?sticas b?sicas del dinero electr?nico como instrumento de inclusi?n financiera. Es as? que el Per? se sum? a un grupo de pa?ses que a la fecha han implementado el dinero electr?nico, buscando fomentar una mayor inclusi?n financiera. En dicho contexto, se decidi? evaluar si el dinero electr?nico puede ser una herramienta de pago que permita facilitar el otorgamiento de microcr?ditos a los microempresarios y, considerando las caracter?sticas puntuales del dinero electr?nico, se crey? conveniente tener como objeto de la presente investigaci?n a los microempresarios del rubro de calzado del Parque Industrial de Villa El Salvador. El objetivo general de esta investigaci?n es determinar si el dinero electr?nico puede facilitar el otorgamiento de microcr?ditos a los microempresarios del rubro de calzado del Parque Industrial de Villa El Salvador