Heterogeneous nature and distribution of interruptions in dinucleotides may indicate the existence of biased substitutions underlying microsatellite evolution

[Abstract] Some aspects of microsatellite evolution, such as the role of base substitutions, are far from being fully understood. To examine the significance of base substitutions underlying the evolution of microsatellites we explored the nature and the distribution of interruptions in dinucleotide repeats from the human genome. The frequencies that we inferred in the repetitive sequences were statistically different from the frequencies observed in other noncoding sequences. Additionally, we detected that the interruptions tended to be towards the ends of the microsatellites and 5′-3′ asymmetry. In all the estimates nucleotides forming the same repetitive motif seem to be affected by different base substitution rates in AC and AG. This tendency itself could generate patterning and similarity in flanking sequences and reconcile these phenomena with the high mutation rate found in flanking sequences without invoking convergent evolution. Nevertheless, our data suggest that there is a regional bias in the substitution pattern of microsatellites. The accumulation of random substitutions alone cannot explain the heterogeneity and the asymmetry of interruptions found in this study or the relative frequency of different compound microsatellites in the human genome. Therefore, we cannot rule out the possibility of a mutational bias leading to convergent or parallel evolution in flanking sequences

Propuesta teórica para alcanzar una autonomía financiera por parte del municipio en méxico

Los estudios respecto a la autonomía financiera del municipio se basa en las tareas que debe realizar el mismo como órgano de Gobierno, pero dicho ayuntamiento tiene que vencer toda clase de obstáculo que se presente ya sea interno o externo debido al exceso de centralización que existe en México. ABSTRACT Studies concerning the financial autonomy of the municipality are based on tasks that must be the same as an organ of government, but this Council has to overcome all kinds of obstacle that occurs either internal or external due to excessive centralization which exists in México

ARCHITECTURE WITHOUT PLANS; ‘LA PETATERA’ BULLRING

[EN] La Petatera is a bullring which is installed each January and dismantled at the end of February. Its name comes from the petates - strips of material - which cover a structure of otates - poles - made of guadua and different types of wood from the area. There is no known original grand plan for the Petatera. The oldest remaining drawing is a sketch of the outline drawn into the earth. If the ‘project’ is superfluous, then the scrupulous repetition of the construction process is essential because this is the only way to guarantee the success of the final product. In the Petatera the architectural value goes from the object to the ritual, and from the building to the method of construction.[ES] La Petatera es una plaza de toros que se instala cada enero desmontándose a finales de febrero. Su nombre proviene de los petates o esteras, que recubren una estructura de otates de guadua y maderas de la zona. No se conocen planos originales de La Petatera. El dibujo más antiguo conservado es un esquema de replanteo. Si la previa representación gráfica, el proyecto, resulta superflua, sin embargo, la escrupulosa repetición de los procesos constructivos es esencial para garantizar la idoneidad del resultado. En La Petatera el valor arquitectónico se desplaza del objeto al rito, y de la obra a la construcción.Calduch Cervera, J.; Elizondo Mata, MF.; Mendoza Pérez, LA.; González De Loza, JR.; Huerta Sanmiguel, R. (2011). ARQUITECTURA SIN PLANOS. PLAZA DE TOROS LA PETATERA. EGA. Revista de Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica. 16(17):128-137. doi:10.4995/ega.2011.1038SWORD128137161

Parinaud’s Oculoglandular Syndrome Caused by Sporothrix schenckii

A síndrome oculoglandular de Parinaud consiste em forma especial de conjuntivite granulomatosa, muitas vezes relacionada à doença da arranhadura do gato, cuja apresentação clássica se caracteriza por uma síndrome febril acompanhada de granuloma conjuntival e linfonodomegalia ipsilateral. As doenças associadas a esta síndrome são doença da arranhadura do gato, infecção por herpes simples, esporotricose, blastomicose e coccidioidomicose, dentre outras. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente com quadro de enantema conjuntival unilateral à direita acompanhado do aparecimento de nódulos em pálpebra ipsilateral. Os exames complementares incluindo cultura confirmaram o diagnóstico de esporotricose. A paciente foi tratada com itraconazol com resolução do quadro.Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome consists of a special form of granulomatous conjunctivitis, often related to cat scratch disease, whose classic presentation is characterized by a fever, conjunctival granuloma and ipsilateral lymph node enlargement. Diseases associated with this syndrome are cat-scratch disease, herpes simplex infection, sporotrichosis, blastomycosis and coccidioidomycosis, among others. We report the case of a patient with a unilateral conjunctival enanthema on the right eye and nodules on the ipsilateral eyelid. Complementary examinations including culture confirmed the diagnosis of sporotrichosis. The patient was treated with itraconazole and got cured

FIDEL—a retrovirus-like retrotransposon and its distinct evolutionary histories in the A- and B-genome components of cultivated peanut

In this paper, we describe a Ty3-gypsy retrotransposon from allotetraploid peanut (Arachis hypogaea) and its putative diploid ancestors Arachis duranensis (A-genome) and Arachis ipaënsis (B-genome). The consensus sequence is 11,223 bp. The element, named FIDEL (Fairly long Inter-Dispersed Euchromatic LTR retrotransposon), is more frequent in the A- than in the B-genome, with copy numbers of about 3,000 (±950, A. duranensis), 820 (±480, A. ipaënsis), and 3,900 (±1,500, A. hypogaea) per haploid genome. Phylogenetic analysis of reverse transcriptase sequences showed distinct evolution of FIDEL in the ancestor species. Fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed disperse distribution in euchromatin and absence from centromeres, telomeric regions, and the nucleolar organizer region. Using paired sequences from bacterial artificial chromosomes, we showed that elements appear less likely to insert near conserved ancestral genes than near the fast evolving disease resistance gene homologs. Within the Ty3-gypsy elements, FIDEL is most closely related with the Athila/Calypso group of retrovirus-like retrotransposons. Putative transmembrane domains were identified, supporting the presence of a vestigial envelope gene. The results emphasize the importance of FIDEL in the evolution and divergence of different Arachis genomes and also may serve as an example of the role of retrotransposons in the evolution of legume genomes in general

A chromosome conformation capture ordered sequence of the barley genome

201

DISEÑO, CONSTRUCCIÓN Y EVALUACIÓN DE UNA VIVIENDA BIOCLIMÁTICA PARA LA CIUDAD DE COLIMA

Facultad de Arquitectura y Diseñ

De Mala Nota. Periodismo del Siglo XIX en Colima.

165p