Properties of Magnetite-Chitin Composite as Materials

In this study, magnetite-chitin composite has been synthesized and their apllication for removal Ni(II) from aqueous solution. Chitin synthesized from shrimp shell waste. Magnetite-chitin composite were prepared by reaction of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ion and NH4OH in the presence of chitin. Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) were used to characterize the adsorbent. The effect of composite dosage, pH and contact time on the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent has also been investigated. The FTIR spectra of magnetite-chitin composite confirmed the successful synthesis which the adsorption peak at 586.3 cm-1 assigned to Fe-O bond. SEM-EDX characterization of magnetite-chitin composite indicated that the surface of composite more solid than chitin and elements of composit contained of magnetite and chitin elements. The magnetite-chitin composite has magnetic properties which the saturation magnetization was 11.27 emu/g. The optimal adsorption of magnetite-chitin composites an initial concentration of Ni(II) was 50 mg/L attained within 3 g of composite dosage, pH value 5 and contact time of 45 minutes with a maximum adsorption capacity of Ni(II) was 37.81 mg/g

PEMBUATAN INSTALASI UNTUK BIOGAS DARI ENCENG GONDOK (EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES ) YANG EFISIEN UNTUK LAHAN KECIL

Teknologi biogas telah berkembang sejak lama namun aplikasi penggunaannya di masyarakat sebagai sumber energi alternatif belum berkembang secara luas. Beberapa kendala antara lain yaitu kekurangan informasi dan pengetahuan dari masyarakat. Teknologi biogas merupakan teknologi yang memanfaatkan proses fermentasi atau dekomposisi dari bahan organik oleh mikroorganisme secara anaerobik (tanpa udara) sehingga dihasilkan gas metana. Gas metana adalah gas yang memiliki sifat mudah terbakar sehingga dihasilkan energi panas. Energi panas ini diaplikasikan dalam bentuk api kompor sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif rumah tangga. Salah satu bahan organik yang bisa digunakan sebagai bahan baku adalah enceng gondok. Enceng gondok merupakan tumbuhan air dan sering menjadi tanaman pengganggu bagi tumbuhan lain dan hewan. Namun kandungan selulosanya yang besar sehingga tanaman ini dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber biogas. Proses pembuatan Biogas dari enceng gondok menggunakan  reaktor digester dari drum plastik dan penampung gas dari plastik polietilen dengan sistem balon. Sedangkan sumber mikroorganisme yang dapat mendekomposisi enceng gondok digunakan kotoran sapi. Jumlah kotoran sapi yang digunakan± 1-5% dari jumlah enceng gondok yang digunakan. Sedangkan perbandingan  banyaknya  air yang digunakan dengan  enceng gondok adalah 1 : 1. Waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk proses dekomposisi enceng gondok sehingga penampung  gas bervolume ± 1000L dapat penuh sekitar 3 minggu. Jumlah enceng gondok sekitar 70 kg dapat menghasilkan gas untuk keperluan memasak selama 50 hari. Keberhasilan pembuatan bahan bakar biogas dari enceng gondok ini diharapkan dapat membantu kesulitan masyarakat memperoleh bahan bakar untuk keperluan rumah tangga

Proses Klorinasi untuk Menurunkan Kandungan Sianida dan Nilai KOK pada Limbah Cair Tepung Tapioka

Telah dilakukan pengolahan limbah cair tepung tapioka menggunakan proses klorinasi dengan Ca(OCl)2. Parameter yang dievaluasi adalah berat optimum Ca(OCl)2, pH optimum, dan waktu kontak optimum antara Ca(OCl)2 dengan limbah cair tepung tapioka dalam menurunkan kandungan sianida dan nilai KOK limbah cair. Variasi berat Ca(OCl)2 yang digunakan adalah 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, dan 6 mg; variasi pH adalah 7, 8, 9, 10, 11; dan variasi waktu kontak yaitu 0; 0,5; 1; 1,5; 2 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebelum proses klorinasi, kandungan sianida adalah 51,77 mg/L dan nilai KOK limbah cair adalah 9953,01 mg/L; sedangkan setelah proses klorinasi pada kondisi optimum (berat Ca(OCl)2 5 mg, pH 8, dan waktu kontak 1 jam), diperoleh kandungan sianida sebesar 30,08 mg/L dengan efektivitas penurunan 41,88% dan nilai KOK limbah cair adalah 1092,09 mg/L dengan efektivitas penurunan 89,02%

ADSORPTION OF PHENOL POLLUTANTS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING Ca-BENTONITE/CHITOSAN COMPOSITE (Adsorpsi Polutan Fenol dari Larutan Berair Menggunakan Komposit Ca-Bentonit/Kitosan)

Phenolic compounds areorganic pollutants that are toxic and carcinogenic.The presence of phenol in the environmentcan be adverse to humanand the environmentalsystem. One methodthat iseffective toreduce thephenolisadsorption. In this study, the adsorption of phenol in aqueous solution using Ca-bentonite/chitosan composite was investigated. Chitosan is the deacetylation product of chitin from shrimp waste. Characterization of Ca-bentonite/chitosan composite was done by using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Batch adsorption studies were performed to evaluate the effects of some parameters such as initial concentration of phenol, composite weight, pH and contact time. The results showed that FTIR spectra of Ca-bentonite/chitosan composite presented the characteristic of peak of Ca-bentonite and chitosan that confirmed the successful synthesis of composite. The SEM-EDX characterizationresultsshowedCa-bentonite surfacecoverage by chitosanand the presence ofcarbonandnitrogenelementsinCa-bentonite/chitosancompositeindicated that chitosan had bonded with bentonite. The optimum condition of adsorption of Ca-bentonite/chitosan to phenol was obtained at 125 mg.L-1 of concentration in which the weight of composite was 1.0 g, the pH of solution was 7, the contact time was 30 minutes, and the capacity of adsorption was 12.496 mg.g-1.ABSTRACTPhenolic compounds are organic pollutants that are toxic and carcinogenic.The presence of phenol in the environment can be adverse to human and the environmental system. One method that is effective to reduce the phenol is adsorption. In this study, the adsorption of phenol in aqueous solution using Ca-bentonite/chitosan composite was investigated. Chitosan is the deacetylation product of chitin from shrimp waste. Characterization of Ca-bentonite/chitosan composite was done by using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Batch adsorption studies were performed to evaluate the effects of some parameters such as initial concentration of phenol, composite weight, pH and contact time. The results showed that FTIR spectra of Ca-bentonite/chitosan composite presented the characteristic of peak of Ca-bentonite and chitosan that confirmed the successful synthesis of composite. The SEM-EDX characterization results showed Ca-bentonite surface coverage by chitosan and the presence of carbon and nitrogen elements in Ca-bentonite/chitosan composite indicated that chitosan had bonded with bentonite. The optimum condition of adsorption of Ca-bentonite/chitosan to phenol was obtained at 125 mg.L-1 of concentration in which the weight of composite was 1.0 g, the pH of solution was 7, the contact time was 30 minutes, and the capacity of adsorption was 12.496 mg.g-1. ABSTRAKFenol merupakan polutan organik yang bersifat toksik dan karsinogenik. Keberadaan fenol di lingkungan berbahaya bagi manusia dan sistem lingkungan. Salah satu metoda yang efektif digunakan untuk mengurangi fenol adalah adsorpsi. Pada penelitian ini dipelajari kemampuan komposit Ca-bentonit/kitosan untuk mengadsorpsi fenol. Kitosan diperoleh dari hasil deasetilasi kitin yang diekstraksi dari limbah udang. Karakterisasi komposit Ca-bentonit/kitosan dilakukan menggunakan Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Metoda Batch digunakan untuk mempelajari proses adsorpsi dengan parameter meliputi konsentrasi awal fenol, berat komposit, pH larutan dan waktu kontak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa spektra FTIR komposit Ca-bentonit/kitosan merupakan gabungan dari serapan Ca-bentonit dan kitosan. Hasil karakterisasi menggunakan SEM-EDX menunjukkan permukaan Ca-bentonit tertutup oleh kitosan, keberadaan unsur karbon dan nitrogen pada komposit Ca-bentonit/kitosan mengindikasikan telah terbentuknya ikatan Ca-bentonit dengan kitosan. Kondisi optimum adsorpsi fenol menggunakan komposit Ca-bentonit/kitosan diperoleh pada konsentrasi awal fenol 125 mg.L-1, berat komposit 1,0 g, pH larutan 6 dan waktu kontak 30 menit dengan kapasitas adsorpsi sebesar 12,496 mg.g-1

Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi Katalis KOH pada Pembuatan Metil Ester dari Minyak Biji Ketapang (Terminalia Catappa Linn)

Penelitian mengenai karakteristik metil ester minyak biji ketapang (Terminalia catappa Linn) dengan variasi konsentrasi katalis KOH telah dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui konsentrasi KOH optimum untuk pembuatan metil ester minyak biji ketapang dari variasi konsentrasi katalis KOH yaitu: 1; 1,5; 2; 2,5; dan 3% dan mengukur karakteristik metil esternya dengan menggunakan metode ASTM (American Society for Testing Material). Parameter yang diukur meliputi indek setana, titik nyala, viskositas kinematika berat jenis, kadar sulfur, residu karbon dan berat jenis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan konsentrasi katalis KOH 2% menghasilkan metil ester optimum. Karakterisasi semua metil ester yang dihasilkan dengan menggunakan variasi konsentrasi katalis KOH memenuhi standar biodiesel untuk bahan bakar 1-D, yaitu berat jenis (0,8773- 0,8788 g/cm3), indek setana (46,95-47,42), residu karbon ( 0,01-0,09% berat), kadar sulfur (traces), viskositas kinematika metil ester (3,80-4,02 cSt)

Fixed-Bed Column for the Removal of Cd(II) from Aqueous by Hydroxyapatite from Red Snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) Fish Bone

The Synthesis of hydroxyapatite from Red Snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) fish bone carried out. Hydroxyapatite is utilized for Cd(II) sorption from solution using a fixed-bed column. Hydroxyapatite was characterized using X-ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infra-Red, Scanning Electron Microscope-Electron Dispersive, and Thermogravimetric. In fixed-bed column, the influence of bed height (5, 10, 15 cm) and flow rate (6, 8 and 10 mL/min) were studied. The highest adsorption capacity is obtained at a bed height of 15 cm, and a flow rate of 6 mL/min with adsorption capacity is 47.027 mg/g. The predicted by Bed Depth Service Time (BDST) model obtained that value of R2 in the range 0.9964-0.9997. The adsorption capacity per unit volume ( is in the range 141.12-222.89 mg/L while  is in the range 0.0136-0.022 L/mg h. This indicates that BDST can be used to explain the performance of Cd(II) sorption onto hydroxyapatite by fix-bed column

Effect of Silica Addition on Mechanical Properties of Eggshell-Derived Hydroxyapatite

Eggshell is a solid waste that is available in abundance but is being left unused. Eggshell containing calcium in a high amount. Calcium can be used as a precursor for hydroxyapatite (HAp). Modification of HAp with SiO2 is expected to improve its low mechanical properties for biomedical applications. In this study, HAp is synthesized from the eggshell. Then, it was modified by adding SiO2 utilizing the coprecipitation method with concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%, respectively. The HAp and HAp/SiO2 were characterized using; X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The analysis HAp and HAp/SiO2 were density, compressive strength, and hardness. The best mechanical properties of HAp/SiO2 were characterized using SEM-EDS. The HAp were prepared successfully with a ratio of Ca/P was 1.673, close to the theoretical 1.67. The addition of SiO2 caused a decrease in crystallite size and density but increased compressive strength and hardness. The best mechanical properties of HAp/SiO2 were obtained with SiO2 of 30% and 40% with similar values

Preparation of NiFe2O4 Nanoparticles by Solution Combustion Method as Photocatalyst of Congo red

NiFe2O4 nanoparticles had been successfully synthesized by solution combustion method using urea fuel (organic precursor). The synthesized NiFe2O4 were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy-Electron Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDs), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), UV-Vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), and Point of Zero Charge (pHpzc). NiFe2O4 nanoparticles irradiated with visible light were employed to degrade Congo red dye with the following variable: solution pH (3–8), H2O2 concentration (0.5–3 mM), and Congo red concentration (100–600 mg/L). XRD analysis results showed that the NiFe2O4 nanoparticles had a cubic spinel structure. The particle sizes are in the range of 10–40 nm. The magnetic properties of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles determined using VSM showed a magnetization saturation value of 47.32 emu/g. UV-Vis DRS analysis indicated that NiFe2O4 nanoparticles had an optical band gap of 1.97 eV. The success of synthesis was also proven by the EDS analysis results, which showed that the synthesized NiFe2O4 nanoparticles composed of Ni, Fe, and O elements. The removal efficiency of Congo red dye was 96.80% at the following optimum conditions: solution pH of 5.0, H2O2 concentration of 2 mM, Congo red dye concentration of 100 mg/L, and contact time of 60 min. The study of the photodegradation kinetics follows a pseudo-first order reaction with a rate constant value of 0.0853 min−1. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Kinetic Parameters Investigation for The Esterification of Free Fatty Acid from Coconut Oil Mill Waste using Montmorillonite-Sulfonated Carbon from Glucose Composite Catalyst

Coconut oil mill waste (CMW) contained high free fatty acid (FFA) content which potentially could be converted into a value-added product such as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). In this study, a montmorillonite-sulfonated carbon catalyst was used to evaluate the kinetic parameter of FFA conversion from CMW into FAME. The characterization of FTIR and SEM-EDX confirmed that the -SO3H groups were successfully incorporated into montmorillonite- carbon catalyst. The highest catalyst acidity (9.4 mmol/g) was achieved by a ratio of montmorillonite to sulfonated carbon of 1:3 % w/w. The kinetic study using montmorillonite-sulfonated carbon 1:3 % w/w showed that the reaction temperature and molar ratio of methanol to FFA (% v/v) were positively correlated to the reaction rate. The highest rate constant of esterification towards the product (k1), reactant (k2), and equilibrium were 0.1187, 0.0595, and 1.995, achieved by a temperature of 80 ˚C, respectively. The Arrhenius constant and activation energy towards the product were 3.3085×106 and 50.3 J/mole, respectively. The reaction temperature was positively correlated to the equilibrium constant, which indicated that the reaction was endothermic. The kinetic model validation revealed that the predicted value from the model was adequately in accordance with the experimental value, as indicated by a high coefficient of determination

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and Congo red dyes from aqueous solutions by bentonite-Fe3O4 magnetic

This study describes the co-precipitation synthesis of magnetic bentonite-Fe3O4 for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and Congo red pigments under visible light. Bentonite-Fe3O4 composites were produced using the mass ratio of 2:1 and 1:1 for bentonite to Fe3O4, respectively. X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), BET surface area, Vibrating-Sample Magnetometer (VSM), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Ultraviolet–Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV DRS) were used to characterize the materials. The bentonite-Fe3O4 (1:1) composite exhibited a greater surface area in comparison to the bentonite-Fe3O4 (2:1) composite with a measured value of 106.6 m2/g. It is a superparamagnetic material with a band gap of 2.25 eV and a saturation magnetization of 69.64 emu/g. The photocatalytic degradation of dye using bentonite-Fe3O4 (1:1) with the initial dye concentration of 25 mg/L, volume of 50 mL, catalyst dose of 0.05 g/L, addition of 3 mL H2O2, and 90 minutes of visible irradiation resulted in 94.34% and 98.45% degradation efficiency of methylene blue and Congo red dyes, respectively. The study determined that the most favorable pH for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue was pH 11, whereas the optimal pH for Congo red was found at pH 5. For methylene blue and Congo red dyes, photocatalytic degradation followed pseudo-first-order with the constant rates of 0.0356 min-1 and 0.0348 min-1, respectively. After five cycles of use in the photocatalytic process, the catalyst's degradation efficiency fell into below 5%. This research demonstrated that catalysts could be utilized in wastewater treatment technology