Competencias de seguridad vial, y calidad de formación académica de los estudiantes de mecánica automotriz del Instituto Superior Tecnológico Público “María Rosario Araoz Pinto” San Miguel 2011

La presente Investigación tecnológica titulada: “seguridad vial, y calidad de formación académica en los estudiantes de mecánica automotriz en el I.S.T.P “María Rosario Aroaz Pinto” san miguel 2011 ha sido realizada con el propósito de optar el grado de Magíster en esta Casa Superior de Estudios. La Hipótesis que se formula la calidad de la formación académica en los estudiantes de mecánica automotriz en el I.S.T.P “María Rosario Aroaz Pinto” san miguel 2011 La presente investigación es aplicado; por el enfoque es de tipo cuantitativa, por la finalidad es de nivel descriptivo tiene un diseño correlacional porque observará la relación existente entre las variables de Seguridad Vial y calidad de formación académica, sin indicar las relaciones causales entre ellas. Se tiene como propósito medir el grado de relación que existe entre las dos variables (seguridad vial y calidad de formación académica). Los resultados obtenidos de seguridad vial, y calidad de la formación académica en los estudiantes de mecánica automotriz nos indican un índice de significancia bilateral de 0,000 que es menor al nivel de 0,05 previsto para este análisis, se determina que sí existe relación significativa entre seguridad vial, y calidad de la formación académica en el año 2011. Se encontró una relación lineal estadísticamente significativa 97%. Y directamente proporcional, entre seguridad vial, y la calidad de la formación académica (rs =0,970, p< 0.05)

Ciberbullying en colegios privados y estatales de primaria en dos distritos de Lima Metropolitana

Objectives: To determine cyberbullying characteristics in Jesus Maria and Pueblo Libre districts 5th and 6th grade students from state and private schools. Design: escriptive, cross sectional. Setting: Students from state and private schools. Participants: 5th and 6th grade students. Interventions: Rosario Ortega’s anonymous survey was applied in 826 5th and 6th grade students. Main outcome measures: Descriptive analysis and statistical association tests. Results: Cyberbullying was reported in 24.7% students; it was higher in 6th grade, and in private schools. Aggressors by phone and internet were 1.9%, phone victims 6.3% and internet victims 12%.Internet victims’ condition was associated with having computer at their bedrooms (p=0.019) and using Internet outdoors (p=0.000); it was higher in private schools (p=0.002) and increased to 23.1% (p=0.032) when using Internet outdoors. Males assaulted more than females (p=0.000). Conclusions: Cyberbullying was more common in 6th grade students from private schools. Internet victims were more than phone victims; internet bullying was associated with having computer in their room or using it outdoors. Aggression predominated in males.Objetivos: Determinar las características del ciberbullying en escolares de 5° y 6° de primaria de colegios estatales y particulares, de Jesús María y Pueblo Libre. Diseño: Descriptivo transversal. Institución: Colegios estatales y particulares, de Jesús María y Pueblo Libre. Participantes: Alumnos de 5° y 6° de primaria. Intervenciones: En 826 alumnos de 5° y 6° de primaria, se aplicó una encuesta anónima de Rosario Ortega. Principales medidas de resultado: Análisis descriptivo y pruebas estadísticas de asociación. Resultados: Se comunicó ciberbullying en 24,7% de los alumnos; fue mayor en 6° grado y en colegios privados. La agresión por celular e internet ocurrió en 1,9% y hubo víctimas por celular en 6,3% y por internet 12%. La situación de victimas por internet se asoció a computadora en cuarto (p=0,019) y al uso de internet fuera de casa (p=0,000); fue mayor en colegios privados (p=0,002) y con el empleo de internet fuera de casa aumentó a 23,1% (p=0,032). Los varones agredieron más que las mujeres (p=0,000). Conclusiones: El ciberbullying fue más frecuente en alumnos de 6° de primaria de colegios privados. Las víctimas por internet fueron más frecuentes que por celular, y se asociaron a tener computadora en su cuarto o usarla fuera de casa. Predominó la agresión en los varones

Ciberbullying - Nueva tecnología electrónica al servicio del acoso escolar en alumnos de dos distritos de Lima, Perú

Problem: The mass media often reports cases of school violence expressed as bullying and less frequently as cyberbullying. Objectives: To determine cyberbullying characteristics in public and private school children from two Lima districts as well as factors associated with electronic aggression. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; and Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brasil. Participants: Elementary and high school students. Methods: Cross-sectional survey in 2596 5th grade of elementary school to 5th grade of high school students from two private and six public schools. The Rosario Ortega measuring instrument was modified and validated with Cronbach test (0.872). The study was approved by the Ethics Committee and school principals. It also received the assent of participants and was respectful of ethical considerations in human research. Main outcome measures: Cyberbullying characteristics. Results: Cyberbullying was reported in 27.7% of the students surveyed, 21% in public schools and 41.2% in private schools. Aggressors and victims with cell phone and internet were more common in private schools. To have cell phones, computers in their rooms, internet access out of home and paid work were risk factors for cyberbullying. Cell phone and internet attackers were predominantly male and high schoolers. Having a cell phone was associated with aggression with this device, and outdoor internet access facilitated internet aggression. Conclusion: Presence of cyberbullying was very high, and should be considered a public health problem. It was more common in private schools than in public schools, and existed beginning at primary level.Planteamiento del problema: Los medios de información masiva frecuentemente comunican casos de violencia escolar expresada como bullying y con menor frecuencia ciberbullying. Objetivos: Conocer las características del ciberbullying en escolares de colegios nacionales y privados de 2 distritos de Lima. Diseño: Estudio transversal analítico, con método de encuesta. Instituciones: Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú; y Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brasil. Participantes: Estudiantes de primaria y secundaria. Metodología: Se realizó una encuesta a 2 596 estudiantes de 5° de primaria a 5° de secundaria, de dos colegios privados y seis colegios nacionales. El instrumento de Rosario Ortega fue modificado y validado con la prueba de Cronbach (0,872). Contó con la aprobación del Comité de Ética y de los directivos institucionales. Se contó con el asentimiento de los participantes y el respeto de las consideraciones éticas de la investigación en seres humanos. Principales medidas de resultados: Características del ciberbullying. Resultados: Se encontró ciberbullying en 27,7% de los alumnos encuestados: 21% en colegios nacionales y 41,2% en privados. Los agresores y las víctimas por celular y por internet fueron más frecuentes en los colegios privados. Tener celular, computadora en el cuarto, acceso a internet fuera de casa y trabajo remunerado fueron factores de riesgo de ciberbullying. Los agresores por celular y por internet eran preferentemente de sexo masculino y del nivel secundario. Contar con celular se relacionó con agresión por este medio, mientras que acceder a internet fuera de casa facilitó la agresión por internet. Conclusiones: La presencia de ciberbullying resultó muy alta, por lo que debe ser considerado un problema de salud pública; es más frecuente en los colegios privados que en los nacionales, y se aprecia desde el nivel primario

Ciberbullying en colegios privados y estatales de primaria en dos distritos de Lima Metropolitana

Objetivos: Determinar las características del ciberbullying en escolares 5to y 6to de primaria de colegios estatales y particulares, de Jesús María y Pueblo Libre. Diseño: Descriptivo transversal. Institución: DA Medicina Preventiva y Salud Publica e Instituto de Ética, Facultad de Medicina, UNMSM. Participantes: Alumnos de 5to y 6to de primaria. Intervenciones: En 826 alumnos de 5to y 6to de primaria, de colegios estatales y particulares, de Jesús María y Pueblo Libre, se aplicó la encuesta anónima de Rosario Ortega. Se realizó análisis descriptivo y pruebas estadísticas de asociación. Principales medidas de resultado: Características del ciberbullying en escolares. Resultados: Se comunicó ciberbullying en 24,7%, fue mayor en 6to grado y en colegios privados. La agresión por celular e internet ocurrió en 1,9%, víctimas por celular en 6,3% y por internet 12%. Ser víctima por internet se asoció a presencia de computadora en el cuarto (p=0,019) y al uso de internet fuera de casa (p= 0,000); fue mayor en colegios privados (p=0,002) y cuando se empleó internet fuera de casa aumentó a 23,1% (p= 0,032). Los varones agredieron más que las mujeres (p=0,000). Conclusiones: El ciberbullying fue más frecuente en alumnos de 6to de primaria de colegios privados. Las víctimas por internet fueron más frecuentes que por celular, y se asociaron a tener computadora en su cuarto o usarlos fuera de casa. Predominó la agresión en los varones

New Mediterranean marine biodiversity records (December, 2013)

Based on recent biodiversity studies carried out in different parts of the Mediterranean, the following 19 species are included as new records on the floral or faunal lists of the relevant ecosystems: the green algae Penicillus capitatus (Maltese waters); the nemertean Am- phiporus allucens (Iberian Peninsula, Spain); the salp Salpa maxima (Syria); the opistobranchs Felimida britoi and Berghia coerulescens (Aegean Sea, Greece); the dusky shark Carcharhinus obscurus (central-west Mediterranean and Ionian Sea, Italy); Randall’s threadfin bream Nemipterus randalli, the broadbanded cardinalfish Apogon fasciatus and the goby Gobius kolombatovici (Aegean Sea, Turkey); the reticulated leatherjack Stephanolepis diaspros and the halacarid Agaue chevreuxi (Sea of Marmara, Turkey); the slimy liagora Ganon- ema farinosum, the yellowstripe barracuda Sphyraena chrysotaenia, the rayed pearl oyster Pinctada imbricata radiata and the Persian conch Conomurex persicus (south-eastern Kriti, Greece); the blenny Microlipophrys dalmatinus and the bastard grunt Pomadasys incisus (Ionian Sea, Italy); the brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus aztecus (north-eastern Levant, Turkey); the blue-crab Callinectes sapidus (Corfu, Ionian Sea, Greece). In addition, the findings of the following rare species improve currently available biogeographical knowledge: the oceanic pufferfish Lagocephalus lagocephalus (Malta); the yellow sea chub Kyphosus incisor (Almuñécar coast of Spain); the basking shark Cetorhinus maximus and the shortfin mako Isurus oxyrinchus (north-eastern Levant, Turkey).peer-reviewe

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1,2,3,4,5,6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery