40 research outputs found

    Fréquence et prédicteurs de cancer occulte en accident vasculaire cérébral ischémique

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    Introduction: L’inflammation chronique et l’hypercoagulabilitĂ© associĂ©es au cancer favorisent la survenue de thromboembolie. L’accident vasculaire cĂ©rĂ©bral (AVC) ischĂ©mique peut ĂȘtre le premier signe d’un cancer actif non diagnostiquĂ© (ou occulte). La frĂ©quence et les prĂ©dicteurs de cancer occulte en AVC ischĂ©mique demeurent cependant dĂ©battus. Nous avons d’abord effectuĂ© une revue systĂ©matique de la littĂ©rature afin de rĂ©sumer les connaissances sur la frĂ©quence et les prĂ©dicteurs de cancer en AVC ischĂ©mique. Nous avons ensuite effectuĂ© une Ă©tude de cohorte rĂ©trospective appariĂ©e pour comparer le risque de cancer chez les individus ayant subi un AVC ischĂ©mique ou un accident ischĂ©mique transitoire (AIT) Ă  celui d’individus sans AVC/AIT Ă  travers des donnĂ©es de l’Étude longitudinale canadienne sur le vieillissement. MĂ©thodes: Dans notre revue systĂ©matique, nous avons interrogĂ© sept bases de donnĂ©es Ă  la recherche d’articles publiĂ©s entre janvier 1980 et septembre 2019 rapportant des tumeurs malignes et des nĂ©oplasies myĂ©loprolifĂ©ratives diagnostiquĂ©es aprĂšs un AVC ischĂ©mique (protocole PROSPERO: CRD42019132455). Dans notre cohorte appariĂ©e, nous avons utilisĂ© les donnĂ©es de la cohorte globale (n=30 097) de l’Étude longitudinale canadienne sur le vieillissement, une grande cohorte populationnelle d’individus ĂągĂ©s de 45 Ă  85 ans au recrutement (2011 Ă  2015). Nous avons construit une cohorte rĂ©trospective par appariement individuel exact sur l’ñge (ratio 1:4) et avons utilisĂ© des modĂšles Ă  risques proportionnels de Cox pour estimer les rapports de risques instantanĂ©s de nouveau diagnostic de cancer avec et sans AVC/AIT prĂ©alable. RĂ©sultats: Pour notre revue systĂ©matique, nous avons dĂ©pistĂ© 15 400 entrĂ©es et inclus 51 articles. L’incidence cumulĂ©e combinĂ©e de cancer dans la premiĂšre annĂ©e suivant un AVC ischĂ©mique Ă©tait de 13,6 par millier (intervalle de confiance Ă  95% [IC 95%]: 5,6 Ă  24,8), plus Ă©levĂ©e pour les Ă©tudes d’AVC cryptogĂ©nique (62,0 par millier; IC 95%: 13,6 Ă  139,3 vs 9,6 par millier; IC 95%: 4,0 Ă  17,3; p-value=0,02) et pour celles rapportant des tests de dĂ©pistage du cancer (39,2 par millier; IC 95%: 16,4 Ă  70,6 vs 7,2 par millier; IC 95%: 2,5 Ă  14,1; p-value=0,003). L’incidence de cancer aprĂšs un AVC Ă©tait gĂ©nĂ©ralement supĂ©rieure par rapport aux individus sans AVC et la plupart des cancers Ă©taient diagnostiquĂ©s dans les premiers mois suivants l’AVC. Nous avons identifiĂ© plusieurs prĂ©dicteurs de cancer occulte, dont l’ñge avancĂ©, le tabagisme, l’infarctus de plusieurs territoires vasculaires cĂ©rĂ©braux ainsi que l’élĂ©vation des d-dimĂšres et de la protĂ©ine C-rĂ©active. Pour notre Ă©tude de cohorte, nous avons respectivement inclus 920 et 3 680 individus dans les groupes avec et sans AVC/AIT. Nous avons observĂ© une incidence supĂ©rieure de cancer dans la premiĂšre annĂ©e suivant l’AVC/AIT qui diminuait par la suite. Le risque instantanĂ© de nouveau diagnostic de cancer dans la premiĂšre annĂ©e suivant un AVC/AIT Ă©tait significativement augmentĂ© (rapport de risques instantanĂ©s=2,36; IC 95%: 1,21 Ă  4,61; p-value=0,012) par rapport aux individus appariĂ©s pour l’ñge aprĂšs ajustements. Les principaux types de cancer dans la premiĂšre annĂ©e Ă©taient le cancer de la prostate (n=8, 57,1%) et le mĂ©lanome (n=2, 14,3%). Conclusion: Nous avons observĂ© dans notre revue systĂ©matique et notre Ă©tude de cohorte une incidence de nouveau diagnostic de cancer suivant un AVC ischĂ©mique globalement faible, mais supĂ©rieure Ă  celle d’individus sans AVC. La frĂ©quence de nouveau diagnostic de cancer aprĂšs un AVC Ă©tait Ă©galement supĂ©rieure en AVC cryptogĂ©nique et aprĂšs un dĂ©pistage. Plusieurs prĂ©dicteurs peuvent ĂȘtre utilisĂ©s pour augmenter la probabilitĂ© prĂ©test de cancer occulte en AVC ischĂ©mique. Toutefois, l’incidence de cancer post-AVC que nous rapportons est probablement sous-estimĂ©e en raison de limites mĂ©thodologiques des Ă©tudes mĂ©ta-analysĂ©es. Des Ă©tudes prospectives de plus grande taille avec documentation systĂ©matique des diagnostics de cancer post-AVC sont nĂ©cessaires pour produire des estimations plus valides et prĂ©cises qui pourront guider l’élaboration d’études randomisĂ©es et contrĂŽlĂ©es de dĂ©tection prĂ©coce de cancer en AVC ischĂ©mique.Introduction: Cancer promotes thromboembolism through inflammation and hypercoagulability, and an ischemic stroke may be the first sign of an undiagnosed (occult) malignancy. The frequency and predictors of occult cancer in people with acute ischemic stroke, however, remains unclear. We first sought to summarize the existing published data regarding the frequency and predictors of cancer after an ischemic stroke in a systematic review. We also conducted a retrospective matched cohort study to compare the incidence of cancer in people who experienced an ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) to that of people without stroke, using data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Methods: For our systematic review, we searched seven databases from January 1980 to September 2019 for articles reporting malignant tumors and myeloproliferative neoplasms diagnosed after an ischemic stroke (PROSPERO protocol: CRD42019132455). For our matched cohort study, we used data from the comprehensive sub-group (n=30,097) of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging, a large population-based cohort of individuals aged 45-85 years when recruited (2011-2015). We built a retrospective cohort with individual exact matching for age (1:4 ratio). We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios of new cancer diagnosis with and without a prior stroke/TIA. Results: For our systematic review, we screened 15,400 records and included 51 articles. The pooled cumulative incidence of cancer within one year after an ischemic stroke was 13.6 per thousand (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.6 to 24.8), higher in studies focusing on cryptogenic stroke (62.0 per thousand; 95% CI, 13.6 to 139.3 vs 9.6 per thousand; 95% CI, 4.0 to 17.3; p- value=0.02) and those reporting cancer screening (39.2 per thousand; 95% CI, 16.4 to 70.6 vs 7.2 per thousand; 95% CI, 2.5 to 14.1; p-value=0.003). The incidence of cancer after stroke was higher overall compared to people without stroke. Most cases were diagnosed within the first few months after stroke. Several predictors of cancer were identified, namely older age, smoking, involvement of multiple vascular territories, as well as elevated C-reactive protein and d-dimers. For our cohort study, we respectively included 920 and 3,680 individuals in the stroke and non- stroke groups. We observed a higher incidence of cancer in the first year after stroke/TIA that declined afterwards. The hazard of new cancer diagnosis in the first year after stroke/TIA was significantly increased (hazard ratio=2.36; 95% CI, 1.21 to 4.61; p-value=0.012) as compared to age-matched non-stroke participants after adjustments. The most frequent primary cancers in the first year after stroke/TIA were prostate (n=8, 57.1%) and melanoma (n=2, 14.3%). Conclusion: We observed in both studies of our research project that the frequency of incident cancer after an ischemic stroke is low overall, but higher as compared to people without stroke. The frequency of new cancer diagnosis after stroke is also higher in cryptogenic stroke and after cancer screening. Several predictors may increase the yield of cancer screening after an ischemic stroke. The pooled incidence of post-stroke cancer is likely underestimated due to methodological issues in most studies of our review. Larger prospective studies with systematic ascertainment of cancer after stroke are needed to produce more valid and precise estimates of post-stroke cancer risk and guide randomized controlled studies of cancer screening in people with acute ischemic stroke

    Phenotypes associated with genetic determinants of type I interferon regulation in the UK Biobank:a protocol

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    BACKGROUND: Type I interferons are cytokines involved in innate immunity against viruses. Genetic disorders of type I interferon regulation are associated with a range of autoimmune and cerebrovascular phenotypes. Carriers of pathogenic variants involved in genetic disorders of type I interferons are generally considered asymptomatic. Preliminary data suggests, however, that genetically determined dysregulation of type I interferon responses is associated with autoimmunity, and may also be relevant to sporadic cerebrovascular disease and dementia. We aim to determine whether functional variants in genes involved in type I interferon regulation and signalling are associated with the risk of autoimmunity, stroke, and dementia in a population cohort.METHODS: We will perform a hypothesis-driven candidate pathway association study of type I interferon-related genes using rare variants in the UK Biobank (UKB). We will manually curate type I interferon regulation and signalling genes from a literature review and Gene Ontology, followed by clinical and functional filtering. Variants of interest will be included based on pre-defined clinical relevance and functional annotations (using LOFTEE, M-CAP and a minor allele frequency &lt;0.1%). The association of variants with 15 clinical and three neuroradiological phenotypes will be assessed with a rare variant genetic risk score and gene-level tests, using a Bonferroni-corrected p-value threshold from the number of genetic units and phenotypes tested. We will explore the association of significant genetic units with 196 additional health-related outcomes to help interpret their relevance and explore the clinical spectrum of genetic perturbations of type I interferon.ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The UKB has received ethical approval from the North West Multicentre Research Ethics Committee, and all participants provided written informed consent at recruitment. This research will be conducted using the UKB Resource under application number 93160. We expect to disseminate our results in a peer-reviewed journal and at an international cardiovascular conference.</p

    Présence simultanée chez le chien de deux zymodÚmes du complexe Leishmania infantum

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    Jusqu'Ă  prĂ©sent, les prĂ©lĂšvements en vue de l'identification des Leishmania rĂ©alisĂ©s chez un mĂȘme hĂŽte et au mĂȘme moment n'avaient pas permis de mettre en Ă©vidence plus d'un zymodĂšme Ă  la fois. Ainsi, sur le pourtour mĂ©diterranĂ©en oĂč circule L. infantum MON-1, c'est lui, et lui seul, que l'on isole habituellement de leishmanioses viscĂ©rales (LV) humaines, canines et vulpines, ainsi que des vecteurs Phlebotomus perniciosus et P. ariasi (1, 3, 4). Plus rarement, dans les leishmanioses cutanĂ©es (LC) ou dans certaines formes de LV, des parasites biochimiquement trĂšs proches (petits variants) sont isolĂ©s indĂ©pendamment (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8). Exceptionnellement deux zymodĂšmes ont Ă©tĂ© isolĂ©s chez un mĂȘme hĂŽte mais Ă  des pĂ©riodes diffĂ©rentes. Ainsi Rioux et coll. (9) ont relatĂ© la succession de L. infantum MON-1 et MON-29 au cours de deux Ă©pisodes de LC humaine survenus Ă  trois ans d'intervalle. Il s'agissait d'une patiente ĂągĂ©e de 53 ans, domiciliĂ©e dans la proche banlieue de Montpellier. Ces zymodĂšmes se diffĂ©rencient par trois systĂšmes enzymatiques (G6PD, NP1, MDH) sur 15

    Incidence and prevalence of drug-resistant epilepsy : a systematic review and meta-analysis

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    Objective To evaluate the incidence and prevalence of drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) as well as its predictors and correlates, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Methods Our protocol was registered with PROSPERO, and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology reporting standards were followed. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science. We used a double arcsine transformation and random-effects models to perform our meta-analyses. We performed random-effects meta-regressions using study-level data. Results Our search strategy identified 10,794 abstracts. Of these, 103 articles met our eligibility criteria. There was high interstudy heterogeneity and risk of bias. The cumulative incidence of DRE was 25.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16.8–34.3) in child studies but 14.6% (95% CI: 8.8–21.6) in adult/mixed age studies. The prevalence of DRE was 13.7% (95% CI: 9.2–19.0) in population/community-based populations but 36.3% (95% CI: 30.4–42.4) in clinic-based cohorts. Meta-regression confirmed that the prevalence of DRE was higher in clinic-based populations and in focal epilepsy. Multiple predictors and correlates of DRE were identified. The most reported of these were having a neurologic deficit, an abnormal EEG, and symptomatic epilepsy. The most reported genetic predictors of DRE were polymorphisms of the ABCB1 gene. Conclusions Our observations provide a basis for estimating the incidence and prevalence of DRE, which vary between populations. We identified numerous putative DRE predictors and correlates. These findings are important to plan epilepsy services, including epilepsy surgery, a crucial treatment option for people with disabling seizures and DRE

    Non-contrast CT markers of intracerebral hematoma expansion : a reliability study

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    Objectives: We evaluated whether clinicians agree in the detection of non-contrast CT markers of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) expansion. Methods: From our local dataset, we randomly sampled 60 patients diagnosed with spontaneous ICH. Fifteen physicians and trainees (Stroke Neurology, Interventional and Diagnostic Neuroradiology) were trained to identify six density (Barras density, black hole, blend, hypodensity, fluid level, swirl) and three shape (Barras shape, island, satellite) expansion markers, using standardized definitions. Thirteen raters performed a second assessment. Inter and intra-rater agreement were measured using Gwet’s AC1, with a coefficient > 0.60 indicating substantial to almost perfect agreement. Results: Almost perfect inter-rater agreement was observed for the swirl (0.85, 95% CI: 0.78-0.90) and fluid level (0.84, 95% CI: 0.76-0.90) markers, while the hypodensity (0.67, 95% CI: 0.56-0.76) and blend (0.62, 95% CI: 0.51-0.71) markers showed substantial agreement. Inter-rater agreement was otherwise moderate, and comparable between density and shape markers. Inter-rater agreement was lower for the three markers that require the rater to identify one specific axial slice (Barras density, Barras shape, island: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.40-0.52 versus others: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.56-0.63). Inter-observer agreement did not differ when stratified for raters’ experience, hematoma location, volume or anticoagulation status. Intrarater agreement was substantial to almost perfect for all but the black hole marker. Conclusion: In a large sample of raters with different backgrounds and expertise levels, only four of nine non-contrast CT markers of ICH expansion showed substantial to almost perfect inter-rater agreement

    Global genome diversity of the Leishmania donovani complex.

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    Protozoan parasites of the Leishmania donovani complex - L. donovani and L. infantum - cause the fatal disease visceral leishmaniasis. We present the first comprehensive genome-wide global study, with 151 cultured field isolates representing most of the geographical distribution. L. donovani isolates separated into five groups that largely coincide with geographical origin but vary greatly in diversity. In contrast, the majority of L. infantum samples fell into one globally-distributed group with little diversity. This picture is complicated by several hybrid lineages. Identified genetic groups vary in heterozygosity and levels of linkage, suggesting different recombination histories. We characterise chromosome-specific patterns of aneuploidy and identified extensive structural variation, including known and suspected drug resistance loci. This study reveals greater genetic diversity than suggested by geographically-focused studies, provides a resource of genomic variation for future work and sets the scene for a new understanding of the evolution and genetics of the Leishmania donovani complex

    Risk of cancer following an ischemic stroke in the Canadian longitudinal study on aging

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    Background: Stroke survivors may be at higher risk of incident cancer, although the magnitude and the period at risk remain unclear. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to compare the risk of cancer in stroke survivors to that of the general population. Methods: The Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging is a large population-based cohort of individuals aged 45–85 years when recruited (2011–2015). We used data from the comprehensive subgroup (n = 30,097) to build a retrospective cohort with individual exact matching for age (1:4 ratio). We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios of new cancer diagnosis with and without a prior stroke. Results: We respectively included 920 and 3,680 individuals in the stroke and non-stroke groups. We observed a higher incidence of cancer in the first year after stroke that declined afterward (p-value = 0.030). The hazard of new cancer diagnosis after stroke was significantly increased (hazard ratio: 2.36; 95% CI: 1.21, 4.61; p-value = 0.012) as compared to age-matched non-stroke participants after adjustments. The most frequent primary cancers in the first year after stroke were prostate (n = 8, 57.1%) and melanoma (n = 2, 14.3%). Conclusions: The hazard of new cancer diagnosis in the first year after an ischemic stroke is about 2.4 times higher as compared to age-matched individuals without stroke after adjustments. Surveillance bias may explain a portion of post-stroke cancer diagnoses although a selection bias of healthier participants likely led to an underestimation of post-stroke cancer risk. Prospective studies are needed to confirm the potentially pressing need to screen for post-stroke cancer.Le risque de cancer Ă  la suite d’un accident vasculaire cĂ©rĂ©bral ischĂ©mique dans l'Étude longitudinale canadienne sur le vieillissement. Il est possible que le risque de nouveau cancer soit plus Ă©levĂ© Ă  la suite d’un accident vasculaire cĂ©rĂ©bral (AVC), mais on n’en connaĂźt pas trĂšs bien l’importance, et la pĂ©riode Ă  risque est mal dĂ©finie. Les auteurs ont donc rĂ©alisĂ© une Ă©tude de cohorte, rĂ©trospective, visant Ă  comparer le risque de cancer chez les survivants d’un AVC Ă  celui de la population gĂ©nĂ©rale. L’Étude longitudinale canadienne sur le vieillissement est une imposante Ă©tude de cohorte, basĂ©e sur la population et composĂ©e d’hommes et de femmes ĂągĂ©s de 45-85 ans au moment de la sĂ©lection (2011-2015). L’équipe de recherche a d’abord utilisĂ© des donnĂ©es provenant du sous-groupe globale (n = 30 097) afin de constituer une cohorte rĂ©trospective de participants exactement appariĂ©s selon l’ñge (rapport : 1/4). Elle s’est ensuite appuyĂ©e sur des modĂšles de risques proportionnels de Cox afin d’estimer les rapports de risque de nouveau cancer dans le contexte ou non d’un AVC. Dans l’ensemble, 920 sujets et 3680 sujets ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©partis respectivement dans les groupes d’AVC et d’absence d’AVC. Une augmentation de l’incidence du cancer a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e au cours de la premiĂšre annĂ©e suivant l’AVC, mais celle-ci a diminuĂ© par la suite (valeur de p = 0,030). Le risque de diagnostic de nouveau cancer aprĂšs un AVC Ă©tait sensiblement plus Ă©levĂ© dans le groupe d’AVC (rapport des risques instantanĂ©s : 2,36; IC Ă  95 % : 1,21-4,61; valeur de p = 0,012) que dans le groupe d’absence d’AVC, appariĂ© selon l’ñge, et ce, aprĂšs ajustement des donnĂ©es. Les types de cancer primitifs les plus frĂ©quents au cours de l’annĂ©e suivant l’AVC Ă©taient celui de la prostate (n = 8; 57,1 %) et le mĂ©lanome (n = 2; 14,3 %). Le risque de nouveau cancer au cours de l’annĂ©e suivant un AVC ischĂ©mique est environ 2,4 fois plus Ă©levĂ© qu’en l’absence d’AVC, et ce, aprĂšs ajustement des donnĂ©es. Certes, un biais de surveillance peut expliquer en partie un certain nombre de cancers Ă  la suite d’un AVC, mais le biais de sĂ©lection en faveur de participants en bonne santĂ© a sans doute entraĂźnĂ©, lui, une sous-estimation du risque de cancer aprĂšs un AVC. Il faudrait donc rĂ©aliser des Ă©tudes prospectives afin de confirmer le besoin potentiellement pressant de dĂ©pistage de nouveaux cancers Ă  la suite d’un AVC
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