62 research outputs found
A Model for the Threshold of the Rolling Transition
A dynamic transition has been identified recently by numerical simulations in the case of a granular flow along a rotating boundary (Rioual and Le Quiniou (2011)). We showed that this transition appears above a certain critical microscopic friction coefficient particle/boundary µ* from which the particles roll without any sliding. We propose here a model at the scale of the microstructure which aimes to be close to the physical process considered and predicts also a threshold for the apparition of this dynamic transition. We discuss the discrepancy on a quantitative level in terms of friction properties at the contact
Dynamics of aeolian sand ripples
We analyze theoretically the dynamics of aeolian sand ripples. In order to
put the study in the context we first review existing models. We argue on the
local character of sand ripple formation. Using a hydrodynamical model we
derive a nonlinear equation for the sand profile. We show how the
hydrodynamical model may be modified to recover the missing terms that are
dictated by symmetries. The symmetry and conservation arguments are powerful in
that the form of the equation is model-independent. We then present an
extensive numerical and analytical analysis of the generic sand ripple
equation. We find that at the initial stage the wavelength of the ripple is
that corresponding to the linearly most dangerous mode. At later stages the
profile undergoes a coarsening process leading to a significant increase of the
wavelength. We find that including the next higher order nonlinear term in the
equation, leads naturally to a saturation of the local slope. We analyze both
analytically and numerically the coarsening stage, in terms of a dynamical
exponent for the mean wavelength increase. We discuss some future lines of
investigations.Comment: 22 pages and 10 postscript figure
An analytical analysis of vesicle tumbling under a shear flow
Vesicles under a shear flow exhibit a tank-treading motion of their membrane,
while their long axis points with an angle < 45 degrees with respect to the
shear stress if the viscosity contrast between the interior and the exterior is
not large enough. Above a certain viscosity contrast, the vesicle undergoes a
tumbling bifurcation, a bifurcation which is known for red blood cells. We have
recently presented the full numerical analysis of this transition. In this
paper, we introduce an analytical model that has the advantage of being both
simple enough and capturing the essential features found numerically. The model
is based on general considerations and does not resort to the explicit
computation of the full hydrodynamic field inside and outside the vesicle.Comment: 19 pages, 9 figures, to be published in Phys. Rev.
A two-species continuum model for aeolian sand transport
Starting from the physics on the grain scale, we develop a simple continuum
description of aeolian sand transport. Beyond popular mean-field models, but
without sacrificing their computational efficiency, it accounts for both
dominant grain populations, hopping (or "saltating") and creeping (or
"reptating") grains. The predicted stationary sand transport rate is in
excellent agreement with wind tunnel experiments simulating wind conditions
ranging from the onset of saltation to storms. Our closed set of equations thus
provides an analytically tractable, numerically precise, and computationally
efficient starting point for applications addressing a wealth of phenomena from
dune formation to dust emission.Comment: 23 pages, 9 figure
Minimal model for aeolian sand dunes
We present a minimal model for the formation and migration of aeolian sand
dunes. It combines a perturbative description of the turbulent wind velocity
field above the dune with a continuum saltation model that allows for
saturation transients in the sand flux. The latter are shown to provide the
characteristic length scale. The model can explain the origin of important
features of dunes, such as the formation of a slip face, the broken scale
invariance, and the existence of a minimum dune size. It also predicts the
longitudinal shape and aspect ratio of dunes and heaps, their migration
velocity and shape relaxation dynamics. Although the minimal model employs
non-local expressions for the wind shear stress as well as for the sand flux,
it is simple enough to serve as a very efficient tool for analytical and
numerical investigations and to open up the way to simulations of large scale
desert topographies.Comment: 19 pages, 22 figure
A Continuum Saltation Model for Sand Dunes
We derive a phenomenological continuum saltation model for aeolian sand
transport that can serve as an efficient tool for geomorphological
applications. The coupled differential equations for the average density and
velocity of sand in the saltation layer reproduce both known equilibrium
relations for the sand flux and the time evolution of the sand flux as
predicted by microscopic saltation models. The three phenomenological
parameters of the model are a reference height for the grain-air interaction,
an effective restitution coefficient for the grain-bed interaction, and a
multiplication factor characterizing the chain reaction caused by the impacts
leading to a typical time or length scale of the saturation transients. We
determine the values of these parameters by comparing our model with wind
tunnel measurements. Our main interest are out of equilibrium situations where
saturation transients are important, for instance at phase boundaries
(ground/sand) or under unsteady wind conditions. We point out that saturation
transients are indispensable for a proper description of sand flux over
structured terrain, by applying the model to the windward side of an isolated
dune, thereby resolving recently reported discrepancies between field
measurements and theoretical predictions.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figure
Corridors of barchan dunes: stability and size selection
Barchans are crescentic dunes propagating on a solid ground. They form dune
fields in the shape of elongated corridors in which the size and spacing
between dunes are rather well selected. We show that even very realistic models
for solitary dunes do not reproduce these corridors. Instead, two instabilities
take place. First, barchans receive a sand flux at their back proportional to
their width while the sand escapes only from their horns. Large dunes
proportionally capture more than they loose sand, while the situation is
reversed for small ones: therefore, solitary dunes cannot remain in a steady
state. Second, the propagation speed of dunes decreases with the size of the
dune: this leads -- through the collision process -- to a coarsening of barchan
fields. We show that these phenomena are not specific to the model, but result
from general and robust mechanisms. The length scales needed for these
instabilities to develop are derived and discussed. They turn out to be much
smaller than the dune field length. As a conclusion, there should exist further
- yet unknown - mechanisms regulating and selecting the size of dunes.Comment: 13 pages, 13 figures. New version resubmitted to Phys. Rev. E.
Pictures of better quality available on reques
A comprehensive numerical model of steady state saltation (COMSALT)
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/95613/1/jgrd15469.pd
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