The Yellow Fever Mosquito <em>Aedes aegypti</em> (Linnaeus): The Breeding Sites

Important information about yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) and the identification and quantification of the main Brazilian breeding sites for this vector are highlighted in this chapter. Although most of the control actions have been directed to the adult (winged) phase of the vector, the reduction of immature forms (eggs and larvae) of Aedes is the most important way to control these insects, especially to eliminate breeding sites. These are, in principle, the most important targets for mosquito population control in order to reduce infestation and, consequently, the transmission and incidence of diseases transmitted by insect vectors. Thus, this chapter presents a compilation and discussion that allows comparing characteristics and similarities of Aedes species

A (DES)NECESSIDADE DE REGULAMENTAÇÃO DA DISPENSA COLETIVA NO BRASIL: UMA ANÁLISE SOB A ÓTICA DO VALOR SOCIAL DO TRABALHO E DA DIGNIDADE DA PESSOA HUMANA

In the current Brazilian scenario, it is not uncommon to report the occurrence of collective dismissals involving a large number of workers. The justifications are based on factors linked to the economic situation of the country. In this context, this paper aims to examine the arbitrary collective dismissal, under the perspective of preservation of jobs inserted in the Federal Constitution of 1988, as well as the principles of social value of work and human dignity. As a method of procedure, we adopted the data collection through the technique of literature research. As a method of approach, the deductive method was used. It stands out, nowadays, the imperative need to modernize and upgrade the labor laws in face of the economic reality, in a way to face the great challenges typical to this area of law, among which the employment crisis appears to be the most complex.No cenário brasileiro atual, não é raro se noticiar a ocorrência de dispensas coletivas envolvendo um grande número de trabalhadores. As justificativas têm se baseado em fatores vinculados à situação econômica do país. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo examinar a dispensa coletiva arbitrária, sob o viés dos ditames da preservação de empregos insculpido na Constituição Federal de 1988 e dos princípios do valor social do trabalho e da dignidade humana. Como método de procedimento, adotou-se o levantamento de dados por meio da técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica. E, como método de abordagem, adotou-se o método dedutivo. Destaca-se, na atualidade, a imperativa necessidade de modernizar e atualizar o Direito do Trabalho face à realidade econômica, no sentido de enfrentar os grandes desafios próprios desse ramo do direito, dentre os quais a crise do emprego se afigura o mais complexo

Zika Brazilian Cohorts (ZBC) Consortium: Protocol for an Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis of Congenital Zika Syndrome after Maternal Exposure during Pregnancy.

Despite great advances in our knowledge of the consequences of Zika virus to human health, many questions remain unanswered, and results are often inconsistent. The small sample size of individual studies has limited inference about the spectrum of congenital Zika manifestations and the prognosis of affected children. The Brazilian Zika Cohorts Consortium addresses these limitations by bringing together and harmonizing epidemiological data from a series of prospective cohort studies of pregnant women with rash and of children with microcephaly and/or other manifestations of congenital Zika. The objective is to estimate the absolute risk of congenital Zika manifestations and to characterize the full spectrum and natural history of the manifestations of congenital Zika in children with and without microcephaly. This protocol describes the assembly of the Consortium and protocol for the Individual Participant Data Meta-analyses (IPD Meta-analyses). The findings will address knowledge gaps and inform public policies related to Zika virus. The large harmonized dataset and joint analyses will facilitate more precise estimates of the absolute risk of congenital Zika manifestations among Zika virus-infected pregnancies and more complete descriptions of its full spectrum, including rare manifestations. It will enable sensitivity analyses using different definitions of exposure and outcomes, and the investigation of the sources of heterogeneity between studies and regions

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Aspectos anatomopatológicos das neoplasias malignas renais: Anatomopathological aspects of malignant renal neoplasms

As neoplasias renais correspondem ao crescimento exacerbado de células tumorais no interior dos rins, classificadas como benignas ou malignas. Neste estudo será abordado sobre as neoplasias malignas renais, a qual correspondem a maior prevalência e são representadas pelo carcinoma de células renais e o tumor de Wilms, com a finalidade de descrever a respeito dos aspectos anatomopatológicos, disseminando informações para o diagnóstico e manejo precoce. O carcinoma de células renais é mais prevalente no sexo masculino, indivíduos mais velhos, geralmente assintomático, contribuindo para o diagnóstico tardio junto a existência de metástases e terapêutica irresponsiva. Não se trata de uma doença genética, sendo o caráter esporádico o predominante, neste contexto os fatores de risco, sobretudo o tabagismo em seguida de obesidade hemodiálise e doenças genéticas são potenciais desencadeantes da enfermidade. Os exames complementares associado a clínica, junto ao acompanhamento eleva a possibilidade de identificação antes de avanços metastáticos. O tumor de Wilms é típico de crianças, acometendo um ou ambos os rins, normalmente com alguma anomalia genética, sendo os sinais inespecíficos, mas sempre manifestando massa palpável e dor abdominal, a qual os métodos de imagem confirmam o diagnóstico e estimam o prognóstico deste. Neste contexto, elucida-se a transcendência que os aspectos anatomopatológicos das neoplasias malignas renais oferecem para a diagnose precoce, devido a escassez e inespecificidafe das manifestações clínicas. Logo, a junção do perfil de cada neoplasia abordado conduz ao manejo adequado e reduz a incidência de tratamentos agressivos e irresponsivos

ATLANTIC-PRIMATES: a dataset of communities and occurrences of primates in the Atlantic Forests of South America

Primates play an important role in ecosystem functioning and offer critical insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and emerging infectious diseases. There are 26 primate species in the Atlantic Forests of South America, 19 of them endemic. We compiled a dataset of 5,472 georeferenced locations of 26 native and 1 introduced primate species, as hybrids in the genera Callithrix and Alouatta. The dataset includes 700 primate communities, 8,121 single species occurrences and 714 estimates of primate population sizes, covering most natural forest types of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina and some other biomes. On average, primate communities of the Atlantic Forest harbor 2 ± 1 species (range = 1–6). However, about 40% of primate communities contain only one species. Alouatta guariba (N = 2,188 records) and Sapajus nigritus (N = 1,127) were the species with the most records. Callicebus barbarabrownae (N = 35), Leontopithecus caissara (N = 38), and Sapajus libidinosus (N = 41) were the species with the least records. Recorded primate densities varied from 0.004 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta guariba at Fragmento do Bugre, Paraná, Brazil) to 400 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta caraya in Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Our dataset reflects disparity between the numerous primate census conducted in the Atlantic Forest, in contrast to the scarcity of estimates of population sizes and densities. With these data, researchers can develop different macroecological and regional level studies, focusing on communities, populations, species co-occurrence and distribution patterns. Moreover, the data can also be used to assess the consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and disease outbreaks on different ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, species invasion or extinction, and community dynamics. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this Data Paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data. © 2018 by the The Authors. Ecology © 2018 The Ecological Society of Americ

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Distribuição e diversidade de Wolbachia (Rickettsiales, Rickettsiaceae) em mosquitos (Diptera, Culicidae) no Estado do Amazonas e o efeito do tratamento com tetraciclina em populações de Aedes albopictus Skuse, 1894 mantidas em laboratório

The main objective was to estimate the occurrence of Wolbachia in mosquitoes from several places of the Amazonas State, and to analyze the effect of bacteria on the life characteristics of Aedes albopictus under laboratory conditions. The mosquitoes were collected in Manaus, Rio Preto da Eva, São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Presidente Figueiredo cities and along of the Coari-Manaus and Coari-Juruá Pipeline and BR 319 highway areas. Mosquitoes samples were collected using CDC light traps and larvae were collected in urban environment. The analysis of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes was done by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). To confirm infection by bacteria and identification of subgroups positive samples were sequenced. A total of 1,056 individuals representing 39 species and 11 genera of mosquitoes were analyzed. Wolbachia was found in 25.18% of the individuals and in 61.5% of the species. This is the first record of Wolbachia in 22 species of mosquitoes from Brazil. Furthermore, this is the first record of Anopheles infected species by Wolbachia. The infection rate was 30.4%, varying among species from 1.2% to 100%. A. albopictus and C. quinquefasciatus showed the highest frequencies of the infected species, 79.1% and 64.6% respectively. The classification of Wolbachia into major groups A and B showed that 19 of species were infected just with bacteria of group A, six with group B, and one with both groups A and B. Analyzing the effect of treatment with tetracycline in A. albopictus there was a reduction in the female ovipositor frequency. The antibiotic-treated females produced fewer eggs than untreated. There were a low percentage of larvae hatching rate. Larval mortality was higher among the untreated females. Pupal development time was similar in all crosses, being slightly higher in crosses between females and males treated. The female and male proportion was similar in all the crosses. The occurrence of cytoplasmic incompatibility in A. albopictus populations from Manaus was verified.O principal objetivo foi determinar a ocorrência da infecção por Wolbachia em diversos taxa de mosquitos coletados no Estado do Amazonas, e analisar o efeito do tratamento com tetraciclina nas características de vida de Aedes albopictus em condições de laboratório. Os mosquitos foram coletados nos municípios de Manaus, Rio Preto da Eva, São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Presidente Figueiredo e nas áreas de monitoramento do Projeto PIATAM, Gasoduto Coari-Manaus, Gasoduto Juruá-Urucu e BR 319. As coletas foram realizadas utilizando-se armadilhas luminosas tipo CDC e, coletas de larvas em ambiente urbano. A análise dos mosquitos infectados por Wolbachia foi realizada por meio da técnica molecular de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) e as amostras positivas foram sequenciadas para confirmação da infecção pela bactéria e identificação dos subgrupos. Foi analisado um total de 1.056 indivíduos representando 39 espécies e 11 gêneros de culicídeos. Do total de indivíduos analisados, 25,18% foram positivos para a infecção por Wolbachia. Considerando o total de espécies examinadas, 61,5% foram positivas para Wolbachia, sendo que 22 destas espécies não foram descritas anteriormente infectadas pela bactéria e este é o primeiro registro destas espécies infectadas por Wolbachia no Brasil. Este também é o primeiro registro de espécies de Anopheles infectadas por Wolbachia. A positividade média de infecção foi de 30,4%, com uma variação entre as espécies de 1,2% a 100%. Entre as espécies, A. albopictus e C. quinquefasciatus foram as que apresentaram as maiores frequências dentre as infectadas, com 79,1% e 64,6%, respectivamente. A classificação de Wolbachia dentro dos maiores grupos A e B mostraram que 19 das 24 espécies positivas foram infectados somente com bactérias do grupo A, seis espécies com bactérias do grupo B e uma com ambos os grupos A e B, representada pela espécie A. albopictus. Analisando o efeito do tratamento com tetraciclina em A. albopictus verificou-se uma redução na frequência de fêmeas ovipositoras. As fêmeas tratadas com antibiótico produziram menos ovos do que não tratadas. Verificou-se um percentual baixo de taxa de eclosão das larvas. A mortalidade das larvas foi maior entre as fêmeas não tratadas. O tempo de desenvolvimento até pupa foi similar em todas as comparações entre os cruzamentos, sendo ligeiramente maior no cruzamento entre fêmeas e machos tratados. A proporção de fêmeas e machos sobreviventes foi muito semelhante em todos os cruzamentos realizados. Os dados indicam a ocorrência de incompatibilidade citoplasmática na população de A. albopictus de Manaus

Parasitism of Ascogregarina taiwanensis and Ascogregarina culicis (Apicomplexa: Lecudinidae) in larvae of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Manaus, Amazon region, Brazil

The aim of the study was to determine the existence of Ascogregarina spp. in larvae of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti collected in urban and suburban areas of Manaus, Amazon region, Brazil. Between May 2004 and July 2005, the mid-gut of 3rd and 4th instar larvae, collected in tire traps in six neighborhoods of Manaus, was examined for the presence of trophozoites of Ascogregarina. Coexistence of Ae. albopictus larvae infected by A. taiwanensis, and Ae. aegypti larvae by A. culicis, was detected in traps in the field. The percentage of Ae. albopictus larvae infected by A. taiwanensis ranged from 21% to 93.5% and of Ae. aegypti larvae infected by A. culicis from 22% to 95%. The mean infection intensity was similar in both species of Aedes. In traps located in Mauazinho, the replacement of Ae. aegypti by Ae. albopictus larvae was observed. In Manaus, Ae. albopictus larvae were parasitized by A. taiwanensis, and Ae. aegypti larvae by A. culicis. Infection rates were high when the species of Aedes were found separately. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved