13 research outputs found

    Search for 22^{22}Na in novae supported by a novel method for measuring femtosecond nuclear lifetimes

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    Classical novae are thermonuclear explosions in stellar binary systems, and important sources of 26^{26}Al and 22^{22}Na. While gamma rays from the decay of the former radioisotope have been observed throughout the Galaxy, 22^{22}Na remains untraceable. The half-life of 22^{22}Na (2.6 yr) would allow the observation of its 1.275 MeV gamma-ray line from a cosmic source. However, the prediction of such an observation requires good knowledge of the nuclear reactions involved in the production and destruction of this nucleus. The 22^{22}Na(p,γp,\gamma)23^{23}Mg reaction remains the only source of large uncertainty about the amount of 22^{22}Na ejected. Its rate is dominated by a single resonance on the short-lived state at 7785.0(7) keV in 23^{23}Mg. In the present work, a combined analysis of particle-particle correlations and velocity-difference profiles is proposed to measure femtosecond nuclear lifetimes. The application of this novel method to the study of the 23^{23}Mg states, combining magnetic and highly-segmented tracking gamma-ray spectrometers, places strong limits on the amount of 22^{22}Na produced in novae, explains its non-observation to date in gamma rays (flux < 2.5x10−410^{-4} ph/(cm2^2s)), and constrains its detectability with future space-borne observatories.Comment: 18 pages, 3 figures, 1 tabl

    Structure des noyaux les plus lourds : spectroscopie du noyau ÂČ⁔ÂčFm et dĂ©veloppement pour des traitements numĂ©riques du signal

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    One of the major challenges of modern nuclear physics is to understand the nuclear structure of the heaviest elements. Fission barriers calculated within the macroscopic liquid drop model fail to explain the stability of nuclei with a number of protons Z≄90. Transfermium elements (Z≄100) have a vanishing liquid-drop barrier and are solely stabilized by quantum shell effects. They provide a unique laboratory to study the evolution of nuclear structure under the extreme conditions of large mass and strong Coulomb force. Though many theories agree on the existence of an “Island of Stability”, the predictions on its exact location in terms of number of protons and neutrons vary greatly. Hence the systematic study of transfermium nuclei is essential to constrain theoretical models and to get a better understanding of the evolution of nuclear shells.The interplay between single-particle and collective degrees of freedom in 251Fm was investigated by means combined internal conversion electron (ICE) and Îł-ray spectroscopy. Excited states in 251Fm were populated via the α-decay of 255No produced in the two following fusion-evaporation reactions: 208Pb(48Ca, 1n)255No and 209Bi(48Ca, 2n)255Lr. The experiments were performed at the FLNR, JINR, Dubna. The intense beams were delivered by the U-400 cyclotron and the separators VASSILISSA or SHELS were used to select fusion evaporation residues. At their focal planes the GABRIELA spectrometer was used to perform a time and position correlated measurement of the characteristic decay properties to further isolate the nuclei of interest. ICE spectroscopy of 251Fm was performed for the first time. These measurements allowed to establish the multipolarities of several transitions in 251Fm and to quantify the M2/E3 mixing ratio in the decay of the low-lying 5/2+ isomer. The extracted B(E3) value is compared to those found in other members of the N=151 isotonic chain and to the QRPA calculations using the Gogny effective interaction.During this work, a novel graphical method of extracting mixing ratios for nuclear transitions has been developed. This intuitive and illustrative method and it’s limits of applicability, as well as certain aspects of the calculation of mixing ratios beyond these limits, are described and discussed.Double-sided silicon strip detectors (DSSD) are widely used in nuclear spectrometry, in particular at the focal plane of separators to detect the implantation and subsequent decay of the heaviest nuclei. It was found that the presence of mechanically disconnected strips on one face of the DSSD may lead to the occurrence of lower energy peaks on the opposite face due to the change of the total capacitance. This effect, along with the methods of restoring the correct spectra, has been studied and discussed. The use of GEANT4 simulations for resolving α-ICE summing in the DSSD and for constraining the internal conversion coefficients of the transitions involved in the decay of the nucleus of interest is presented with the example of 221Th.A significant part of the thesis work was dedicated to the R&D for a new digital electronics system for the GABRIELA spectrometer and to the comparative tests of several digital acquisition cards. The results of these tests, as well as the digital signal processing algorithms implemented for an unbiased off-line analysis are presented.L'un des principaux dĂ©fis de la physique nuclĂ©aire moderne est de comprendre la structure nuclĂ©aire des Ă©lĂ©ments les plus lourds. Les barriĂšres de fission calculĂ©es dans le modĂšle de la goutte liquide macroscopique ne parviennent pas Ă  expliquer la stabilitĂ© des noyaux avec un nombre de protons Z≄90. Cette barriĂšre disparaĂźt pour les Ă©lĂ©ments transfermium (Z≄100) qui ne sont donc stabilisĂ©s que par des effets quantiques de couche. Les noyaux lourds sont un laboratoire unique pour Ă©tudier l'Ă©volution de la structure nuclĂ©aire dans des conditions extrĂȘmes de masse et de champ Coulombien. Bien que de nombreuses thĂ©ories s’accordent sur l'existence d’un « Ăźlot de stabilitĂ© », les prĂ©dictions sur son emplacement exact en terme de nombre de protons et neutrons varient grandement. Les Ă©tudes expĂ©rimentales des noyaux transfermium s’avĂšrent donc essentielles pour contraindre les modĂšles thĂ©oriques et mieux comprendre l’évolution des couches nuclĂ©aires.L'interaction entre le mouvement des particules individuelles et les degrĂ©s de libertĂ© collectifs du noyau a Ă©tĂ© investiguĂ©e dans le 251Fm par le biais de la spectroscopie combinĂ©e dĂ©lectrons de conversion interne et de photons Îł. Les Ă©tats excitĂ©s du 251Fm ont Ă©tĂ© peuplĂ©s dans la dĂ©croissance α du 255No, produit dans les 2 rĂ©actions suivantes: 208Pb(48Ca, 1n)255No et 209Bi(48Ca, 2n)255Lr. Les expĂ©riences ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es au JINR, FLNR, Dubna. Les faisceaux intenses ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©livrĂ©s par le cyclotron U-400, et les sĂ©parateurs VASSILISSA ou SHELS ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©s pour sĂ©lectionner les rĂ©sidus de fusion-Ă©vaporation. Le spectromĂštre GABRIELA a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ© pour effectuer des mesures des propriĂ©tĂ©s de dĂ©croissance caractĂ©ristique corrĂ©lĂ©es en temps et en position pour isoler les noyaux d'intĂ©rĂȘt. La spectroscopie d'Ă©lectrons de conversion interne du 251Fm a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e pour la premiĂšre fois. Ces mesures ont permis d'Ă©tablir les multipolaritĂ©s de plusieurs transitions et de quantifier le rapport de mĂ©lange M2/E3 dans la dĂ©sintĂ©gration de l'isomĂšre 5/2+. Le B (E3) valeur extraite est comparĂ©e Ă  celles des autres membres de la chaĂźne isotonique N=151 et les calculs QRPA utilisant l'interaction effective de Gogny.Au cours de ce travail, une nouvelle mĂ©thode graphique d’extraction des rapports de mĂ©lange de transitions nuclĂ©aires a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©. Cette mĂ©thode intuitive et illustrative et ses limites d'application, ainsi que certains aspects du calcul des rapports de mĂ©lange au-delĂ  de ces limites, sont dĂ©crites et discutĂ©es.Les dĂ©tecteurs silicium double-face Ă  strips (DSDS) sont largement utilisĂ©s en spectromĂ©trie nuclĂ©aire, en particulier au plan focal de sĂ©parateurs pour dĂ©tecter l'implantation et la dĂ©sintĂ©gration ultĂ©rieure des noyaux les plus lourds. Il a Ă©tĂ© constatĂ© que la prĂ©sence de strips mĂ©caniquement dĂ©connectĂ©s sur une face du DSDS peut conduire Ă  l'apparition de pics d'Ă©nergie abaissĂ©e sur la face opposĂ©e en raison de la variation de la capacitĂ© totale. Cet effet, ainsi que les mĂ©thodes de correction du spectre, ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s et discutĂ©s. L'utilisation de simulations GEANT4 pour rĂ©soudre les effets de sommation α-ECI dans le DSDS et pour contraindre les coefficients de conversion interne des transitions impliquĂ©es dans la dĂ©sexcitation du noyau d’intĂ©rĂȘt est prĂ©sentĂ©e Ă  l’aide de l’exemple du 221Th.Une bonne partie des travaux ont Ă©tĂ© consacrĂ©s Ă  la R&D pour un nouveau systĂšme Ă©lectronique numĂ©rique pour le spectromĂštre GABRIELA et aux tests comparatifs de plusieurs cartes d'acquisition numĂ©riques. Les rĂ©sultats de ces tests, ainsi que les algorithmes de traitement numĂ©rique du signal mis en Ɠuvre pour une analyse non biaisĂ©e hors ligne sont prĂ©sentĂ©s

    Structure of the heaviest nuclei : spectroscopy of ÂČ⁔ÂčFm and digital signal processing development

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    L'un des principaux dĂ©fis de la physique nuclĂ©aire moderne est de comprendre la structure nuclĂ©aire des Ă©lĂ©ments les plus lourds. Les barriĂšres de fission calculĂ©es dans le modĂšle de la goutte liquide macroscopique ne parviennent pas Ă  expliquer la stabilitĂ© des noyaux avec un nombre de protons Z≄90. Cette barriĂšre disparaĂźt pour les Ă©lĂ©ments transfermium (Z≄100) qui ne sont donc stabilisĂ©s que par des effets quantiques de couche. Les noyaux lourds sont un laboratoire unique pour Ă©tudier l'Ă©volution de la structure nuclĂ©aire dans des conditions extrĂȘmes de masse et de champ Coulombien. Bien que de nombreuses thĂ©ories s’accordent sur l'existence d’un « Ăźlot de stabilitĂ© », les prĂ©dictions sur son emplacement exact en terme de nombre de protons et neutrons varient grandement. Les Ă©tudes expĂ©rimentales des noyaux transfermium s’avĂšrent donc essentielles pour contraindre les modĂšles thĂ©oriques et mieux comprendre l’évolution des couches nuclĂ©aires.L'interaction entre le mouvement des particules individuelles et les degrĂ©s de libertĂ© collectifs du noyau a Ă©tĂ© investiguĂ©e dans le 251Fm par le biais de la spectroscopie combinĂ©e dĂ©lectrons de conversion interne et de photons Îł. Les Ă©tats excitĂ©s du 251Fm ont Ă©tĂ© peuplĂ©s dans la dĂ©croissance α du 255No, produit dans les 2 rĂ©actions suivantes: 208Pb(48Ca, 1n)255No et 209Bi(48Ca, 2n)255Lr. Les expĂ©riences ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es au JINR, FLNR, Dubna. Les faisceaux intenses ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©livrĂ©s par le cyclotron U-400, et les sĂ©parateurs VASSILISSA ou SHELS ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©s pour sĂ©lectionner les rĂ©sidus de fusion-Ă©vaporation. Le spectromĂštre GABRIELA a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ© pour effectuer des mesures des propriĂ©tĂ©s de dĂ©croissance caractĂ©ristique corrĂ©lĂ©es en temps et en position pour isoler les noyaux d'intĂ©rĂȘt. La spectroscopie d'Ă©lectrons de conversion interne du 251Fm a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e pour la premiĂšre fois. Ces mesures ont permis d'Ă©tablir les multipolaritĂ©s de plusieurs transitions et de quantifier le rapport de mĂ©lange M2/E3 dans la dĂ©sintĂ©gration de l'isomĂšre 5/2+. Le B (E3) valeur extraite est comparĂ©e Ă  celles des autres membres de la chaĂźne isotonique N=151 et les calculs QRPA utilisant l'interaction effective de Gogny.Au cours de ce travail, une nouvelle mĂ©thode graphique d’extraction des rapports de mĂ©lange de transitions nuclĂ©aires a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©. Cette mĂ©thode intuitive et illustrative et ses limites d'application, ainsi que certains aspects du calcul des rapports de mĂ©lange au-delĂ  de ces limites, sont dĂ©crites et discutĂ©es.Les dĂ©tecteurs silicium double-face Ă  strips (DSDS) sont largement utilisĂ©s en spectromĂ©trie nuclĂ©aire, en particulier au plan focal de sĂ©parateurs pour dĂ©tecter l'implantation et la dĂ©sintĂ©gration ultĂ©rieure des noyaux les plus lourds. Il a Ă©tĂ© constatĂ© que la prĂ©sence de strips mĂ©caniquement dĂ©connectĂ©s sur une face du DSDS peut conduire Ă  l'apparition de pics d'Ă©nergie abaissĂ©e sur la face opposĂ©e en raison de la variation de la capacitĂ© totale. Cet effet, ainsi que les mĂ©thodes de correction du spectre, ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s et discutĂ©s. L'utilisation de simulations GEANT4 pour rĂ©soudre les effets de sommation α-ECI dans le DSDS et pour contraindre les coefficients de conversion interne des transitions impliquĂ©es dans la dĂ©sexcitation du noyau d’intĂ©rĂȘt est prĂ©sentĂ©e Ă  l’aide de l’exemple du 221Th.Une bonne partie des travaux ont Ă©tĂ© consacrĂ©s Ă  la R&D pour un nouveau systĂšme Ă©lectronique numĂ©rique pour le spectromĂštre GABRIELA et aux tests comparatifs de plusieurs cartes d'acquisition numĂ©riques. Les rĂ©sultats de ces tests, ainsi que les algorithmes de traitement numĂ©rique du signal mis en Ɠuvre pour une analyse non biaisĂ©e hors ligne sont prĂ©sentĂ©s.One of the major challenges of modern nuclear physics is to understand the nuclear structure of the heaviest elements. Fission barriers calculated within the macroscopic liquid drop model fail to explain the stability of nuclei with a number of protons Z≄90. Transfermium elements (Z≄100) have a vanishing liquid-drop barrier and are solely stabilized by quantum shell effects. They provide a unique laboratory to study the evolution of nuclear structure under the extreme conditions of large mass and strong Coulomb force. Though many theories agree on the existence of an “Island of Stability”, the predictions on its exact location in terms of number of protons and neutrons vary greatly. Hence the systematic study of transfermium nuclei is essential to constrain theoretical models and to get a better understanding of the evolution of nuclear shells.The interplay between single-particle and collective degrees of freedom in 251Fm was investigated by means combined internal conversion electron (ICE) and Îł-ray spectroscopy. Excited states in 251Fm were populated via the α-decay of 255No produced in the two following fusion-evaporation reactions: 208Pb(48Ca, 1n)255No and 209Bi(48Ca, 2n)255Lr. The experiments were performed at the FLNR, JINR, Dubna. The intense beams were delivered by the U-400 cyclotron and the separators VASSILISSA or SHELS were used to select fusion evaporation residues. At their focal planes the GABRIELA spectrometer was used to perform a time and position correlated measurement of the characteristic decay properties to further isolate the nuclei of interest. ICE spectroscopy of 251Fm was performed for the first time. These measurements allowed to establish the multipolarities of several transitions in 251Fm and to quantify the M2/E3 mixing ratio in the decay of the low-lying 5/2+ isomer. The extracted B(E3) value is compared to those found in other members of the N=151 isotonic chain and to the QRPA calculations using the Gogny effective interaction.During this work, a novel graphical method of extracting mixing ratios for nuclear transitions has been developed. This intuitive and illustrative method and it’s limits of applicability, as well as certain aspects of the calculation of mixing ratios beyond these limits, are described and discussed.Double-sided silicon strip detectors (DSSD) are widely used in nuclear spectrometry, in particular at the focal plane of separators to detect the implantation and subsequent decay of the heaviest nuclei. It was found that the presence of mechanically disconnected strips on one face of the DSSD may lead to the occurrence of lower energy peaks on the opposite face due to the change of the total capacitance. This effect, along with the methods of restoring the correct spectra, has been studied and discussed. The use of GEANT4 simulations for resolving α-ICE summing in the DSSD and for constraining the internal conversion coefficients of the transitions involved in the decay of the nucleus of interest is presented with the example of 221Th.A significant part of the thesis work was dedicated to the R&D for a new digital electronics system for the GABRIELA spectrometer and to the comparative tests of several digital acquisition cards. The results of these tests, as well as the digital signal processing algorithms implemented for an unbiased off-line analysis are presented

    Separator for Heavy ELement Spectroscopy - velocity filter SHELS

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    The SHELS velocity filter originated upon reconstruction of the VASSILISSA electrostatic separator used for investigations of heavy nuclei produced in complete fusion reactions. The goals of this modernization were to increase the transmission of products of asymmetric reactions and to extend the region of reactions to be investigated up to symmetric combinations. The first tests of the set-up were performed with the beams of accelerated 22Ne, 40Ar, 48Ca, and 50Ti ions.status: publishe

    Fine structure in the alpha decay of U-224

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    224U nuclei were populated in fusion-evaporation reactions using a 206Pb target and an intense 22Ne beam. Fusion-evaporation residues were separated by the new separator SHELS at the FLNR, Dubna and implanted into a large-area double-sided silicon strip detector. Position- and time-correlated alpha decays were used to identify evaporation residues. A new α-decay line at 8095(11) keV was observed in this work and assigned as the decay from 224U to the first excited 2+ in the daughter nucleus 220Th. Coincident photons were also observed allowing to unambiguously determine the excitation energy of the first excited 2+ state in 220Th to be 386.5(1) keV and not 373.3(1)keV as previously reported. The half-life of 224U was measured to be 396(17)Όs.status: publishe

    FIRST EXPERIMENTAL TESTS OF SHELS: A NEW HEAVY ION SEPARATOR AT THE JINR

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    A new Separator for Heavy ELement Spectroscopy (SHELS) has been recently installed at the U-400 accelerator at FLNR, JINR in Dubna, Russia. The details of the upgrade as well as the results from some of the commissioning runs are discussed. In particular, transmission tests with the 208Pb(40Ar, 2–3n)245−6Fm reaction, as well as isomer spectroscopy results for 210Ra produced in 164Dy(50Ti, 3–5n)209−11Ra reaction are presented.status: publishe

    Experimental tests of the modernized VASSILISSA separator (SHELS) with the use of accelerated 50Ti ions

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    A high intensity ion beam of 50Ti ions was obtained using the ECR ion source on the U400 cyclotron. The experimental tests using accelerated 50Ti ions were performed with a modernized VASSILISSA separator (SHELS). Data has been obtained on the transmission coefficients of recoil nuclei synthesized in complete fusion reactions. Estimates from ion optical calculations performed in the design phase of the project of modernizing the separator are completely confirmed.status: publishe

    Towards saturation of the electron-capture delayed fission probability: The new isotopes Es-240 and Bk-236

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    The new neutron-deficient nuclei 240Es and 236Bk were synthesised at the gas-filled recoil separator RITU. They were identified by their radioactive decay chains starting from 240Es produced in the fusion–evaporation reaction 209Bi(34S,3n)240Es. Half-lives of View the MathML source6(2)s and View the MathML source22−6+13s were obtained for 240Es and 236Bk, respectively. Two groups of α particles with energies View the MathML sourceEα=8.19(3)MeV and View the MathML source8.09(3)MeV were unambiguously assigned to 240Es. Electron-capture delayed fission branches with probabilities of 0.16(6)0.16(6) and 0.04(2)0.04(2) were measured for 240Es and 236Bk, respectively. These new data show a continuation of the exponential increase of ECDF probabilities in more neutron-deficient isotopes.status: publishe

    Search for 22^{22}Na in novae supported by a novel method for measuring femtosecond nuclear lifetimes

    No full text
    Classical novae are thermonuclear explosions in stellar binary systems, and important sources of 26^{26}Al and 22^{22}Na. While γ rays from the decay of the former radioisotope have been observed through-out the Galaxy, 22^{22}Na remains untraceable. The half-life of 22^{22}Na (2.6 yr) would allow the observation of its 1.275 MeV γ-ray line from a cosmic source. However, the prediction of such an observation requires good knowledge of the nuclear reactions involved in the production and destruction of this nucleus. The 22^{22}Na(p, γ)23^{23}Mg reaction remains the only source of large uncertainty about the amount of 22^{22}Na ejected. Its rate is dominated by a single reso- nance on the short-lived state at 7785.0(7) keV in 23^{23}Mg. In the present work, a combined analysis of particle-particle correlations and velocity-difference profiles is proposed to measure femtosecond nuclear lifetimes. The application of this novel method to the study of the 23^{23}Mg states, combining magnetic and highly-segmented tracking γ -ray spectrometers, places strong limits on the amount of 22^{22}Na produced in novae, explains its non-observation to date in γ rays (flux < 2.5×10−4^{-4} ph.cm−2^{-2} s−1^{-1}), and constrains its detectability with future space-borne observatories
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