Nuevos esquemas de recepción coherente multipuerto para comunicaciones ópticas

Los objetivos de esta Tesis se centran en el estudio y evaluación numérica de nuevos esquemas de recepción coherente multipuerto de sistemas de comunicación por fibra óptica. Se ha desarrollado y validado una herramienta para la simulación numérica del canal óptico en régimen no-lineal bajo transmisión multicanal WDM. Del mismo modo, en el extremo receptor, se han implementado los esquemas de detección directa, detección directa interferométrica y detección coherente digital, evaluándose numéricamente sus prestaciones. Asimismo, se ha analizado la capacidad de los diferentes esquemas de recepción para soportar el elevado régimen binario por canal de 100 Gbps que se plantea en la futura actualización de la infraestructura óptica troncal europea. El óptimo resultado de la detección coherente, debido fundamentalmente a su capacidad para la ecualización digital de los efectos dispersivos del canal y de las no-idealidades del receptor, justifica el detallado estudio que se realiza en esta Tesis. Se tomará como referencia el downconverter IQ convencional, que consiste en la integración de un híbrido a 90º, realizado preferentemente mediante un acoplador de interferencia multimodal MMI, con fotodetección balanceada. Se demuestra la notable reducción de sus prestaciones como consecuencia de la distorsión no-lineal al incrementar su ancho de banda operación respecto a la frecuencia central de diseño o al considerar tolerancias de fabricación razonables. Esta degradación de prestaciones es especialmente relevante para modulaciones QAM de orden elevado (por ejemplo 16-64 QAM). Para solucionar estos problemas se propone un esquema de detección basado en un acoplador 2x3 a 120º monolíticamente integrado. Se demuestra que tras una sencilla combinación lineal de las tres fotocorrientes de salida, que podrá efectuarse analógica o digitalmente tras un proceso de calibración previo, pueden resolverse sin distorsión las componentes IQ de la señal. Los resultados numéricos confirman que, incluso en ausencia de un dispositivo de demultiplexión o filtrado óptico (recepción ‘colorless’), aspecto clave para el futuro desarrollo de las redes reconfigurables, el esquema propuesto mejora ostensiblemente el rango dinámico y ancho de banda de operación respecto al receptor convencional. A continuación, se plantea la adaptación del procedimiento de calibración a las cuatro fotocorrientes de salida de un downconverter basado en un híbrido a 90º, de este modo se dispone de un grado de libertad adicional con el que se consigue incrementar el ancho de banda de operación ‘colorless’ a la totalidad de la banda C+L. Finalmente se propone y verifica numéricamente una nueva métrica, basada en la aplicación de la norma de Frobenius a la caracterización matricial del receptor, que permite estimar la penalización en sensibilidad producida por sus imperfecciones. El interés de esta métrica es que define un interfaz preciso para la evaluación de las prestaciones del downconverter con diversidad de polarización sin tener que considerar los algoritmos habituales del posterior procesado digital. Esta métrica se ha aplicado con éxito al establecer, por primera vez, unas especificaciones realistas de los separadores de polarización integrados de un receptor coherente digital con diversidad de polarización

Desarrollo de actividades prácticas dirigidas a la adquisición de competencias profesionales

Most companies require engineering graduates with transversal skills, in addition to technical competences, for their professional practice. Therefore, regional, national and European engineering accreditation agencies pay special attention to the adequate development and assessment of transversal skills at university degrees. Programming practical activities to develop simultaneously transversal and technical skills in last year compulsory subjects is highly desirable for the imminent Degree Final Project (TFG). In this paper we describe the implementation of such practical activity and the achievement of the objectives according to the results and students feedback.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. Este trabajo ha contado con la ayuda de la Universidad de Málaga (Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech) a través de su Proyecto de Innovación Educativa PIE17-32 “Desarrollo de actividades prácticas en asignaturas del último curso de grado en ingeniería para la integración de competencias transversales y específicas”

Receptor coherente integrado ‘colorless’ de gran margen dinámico basado en un acoplador a 120º

Un receptor ‘colorless’ requerirá en su banda de operación de un elevado rechazo en modo común CMRR para reducir eficientemente la interferencia en banda base ocasionada por los canales colindantes al detectado y conseguir un mayor rango dinámico de operación. La obtención de un elevado CMRR se ve imposibilitada en la práctica en el receptor convencional a 90º (basado aquí en un MMI 2x4) por los inevitables desbalanceos, ya sea por operar lejos de su frecuencia de diseño o por las tolerancias presentes en su proceso de fabricación. En esta contribución se propone como alternativa un esquema coherente basado en un acoplador a 120º (implementado con un MMI 2x3), capaz simultáneamente de demodular sin distorsión las componentes IQ de un canal específico y ofrecer un elevado CMRR en una amplia banda de operación. Esto es posible desde la realización de una sencilla operación lineal desde un circuito analógico calibrado, pudiendo prescindir así de los algoritmos de ortogonalización (GSOP) necesarios en el receptor convencional a 90º para resolver sus desbalanceos. Los resultados numéricos muestran que en un escenario realista de fabricación nuestra propuesta es una interesante alternativa al receptor convencional. Así, específicamente, para una recepción 'colorless' de 80 canales modulados a 56 Gbps bajo 16-QAM, es capaz de ofrecer un rango dinámico de 21 dB frente a los 8 dB del receptor convencional a 90ºUniversidad de Málaga Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. CEIC de Andalucía (P09-TIC-5268), C.I.C.Y.T. (TEC2009-10152), MIRTHE ICT-2009-5 nº 25798

Colorless devices and reception techniques for polarization multiplexed communications

Future optical networks call for flexible, high performance and low cost coherent optical receivers. We present here several advances towards such receivers, including integrated optical couplers with ultra-broad bandwidth, as well as novel reception techniques and architectures that will enable high performance coherent reception without filtering and polarization splitting elements.Universidad de Málaga - Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. Spanish Ministry of Science under project TEC2013-46917-C2-1-

Comparison of seven prognostic tools to identify low-risk pulmonary embolism in patients aged <50 years

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Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to &lt;90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], &gt;300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of &lt;15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P&lt;0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P&lt;0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

The Changing Landscape for Stroke\ua0Prevention in AF: Findings From the GLORIA-AF Registry Phase 2

Background GLORIA-AF (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) is a prospective, global registry program describing antithrombotic treatment patterns in patients with newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation at risk of stroke. Phase 2 began when dabigatran, the first non\u2013vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC), became available. Objectives This study sought to describe phase 2 baseline data and compare these with the pre-NOAC era collected during phase&nbsp;1. Methods During phase 2, 15,641 consenting patients were enrolled (November 2011 to December 2014); 15,092 were eligible. This pre-specified cross-sectional analysis describes eligible patients\u2019 baseline characteristics. Atrial fibrillation&nbsp;disease characteristics, medical outcomes, and concomitant diseases and medications were collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Of the total patients, 45.5% were female; median age was 71 (interquartile range: 64, 78) years. Patients were from Europe (47.1%), North America (22.5%), Asia (20.3%), Latin America (6.0%), and the Middle East/Africa (4.0%). Most had high stroke risk (CHA2DS2-VASc [Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age&nbsp; 6575 years, Diabetes mellitus, previous Stroke, Vascular disease, Age 65 to 74 years, Sex category] score&nbsp; 652; 86.1%); 13.9% had moderate risk (CHA2DS2-VASc&nbsp;= 1). Overall, 79.9% received oral anticoagulants, of whom 47.6% received NOAC and 32.3% vitamin K antagonists (VKA); 12.1% received antiplatelet agents; 7.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. For comparison, the proportion of phase 1 patients (of N&nbsp;= 1,063 all eligible) prescribed VKA was 32.8%, acetylsalicylic acid 41.7%, and no therapy 20.2%. In Europe in phase 2, treatment with NOAC was more common than VKA (52.3% and 37.8%, respectively); 6.0% of patients received antiplatelet treatment; and 3.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. In North America, 52.1%, 26.2%, and 14.0% of patients received NOAC, VKA, and antiplatelet drugs, respectively; 7.5% received no antithrombotic treatment. NOAC use was less common in Asia (27.7%), where 27.5% of patients received VKA, 25.0% antiplatelet drugs, and 19.8% no antithrombotic treatment. Conclusions The baseline data from GLORIA-AF phase 2 demonstrate that in newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients, NOAC have been highly adopted into practice, becoming more frequently prescribed than VKA in&nbsp;Europe and North America. Worldwide, however, a large proportion of patients remain undertreated, particularly in&nbsp;Asia&nbsp;and North America. (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation [GLORIA-AF]; NCT01468701

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery