PIGMENTATION OF THE HEART IN THE BICHIR, POLYPTERUS SENEGALUS

El resumen aparece en el Program & Abstracts of the 10th International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology, Barcelona 2013. Anatomical Record, Volume 296, Special Feature — 1: P-078.The presence of melanin-containing cells in the heart has been documented in tetrapods, but not in fish. It has been even suggested that dark pigmented cells are exclusively associated with hearts having two atria and two ventricles. The aim here is to report the occurrence of pigment cells in the heart of the bichir, an extant representative of the polypteriformes, an ancient ray-finned fish lineage that split from the stem of the actinopterygians soon after their divergence from the sarcopterygians. The bichir heart is composed of sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, conus arteriosus and bulbus arteriosus arranged sequentially within the pericardial cavity. Dendritic-shaped cells containing melanosomes were found in the five cardiac components of the 12 bichirs included in this study. Numerous melanophores were distributed regularly over the surface of all segments having myocardium in their walls, thus resulting in a marked pigmentation of the whole heart. The bulbus arteriosus, which in the bichir is reduced in size, showed an even more intense pigmentation. In all instances, the melanophores were localized in the subepicardial space. Pigment cells also occurred in the pericardium and ventral aorta. The functional role of melanocytes in the tetrapod heart remains obscure. Antiinflamatory activity, cytoprotection and effects on the viscoelastic properties of the cardiac tissue have been adduced as possible actions of such cells. The role of pigment cells in the bichir heart constitutes a new open question. Interestingly, however, the only cells that have been shown to form melanin-containing cells in the heart derive from the neural crest. If the melanophores of the bichir heart are indeed of neural crest origin, it would suggest a much more extensive contribution and persistence of elements from the neural crest in the primitive heart of jawed vertebrates as assumed so far in most papers devoted to vertebrate heart embryology.Proyecto CGL2010-16417/BOS; Fondos FEDER; Beca FPI ref. BES-2011-046901

The anatomical components of the cardiac outflow tract of the bichir, polypterus senegalus. Evolutionary significance

El resumen aparece en el Program & Abstracts of the 10th International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology, Barcelona 2013.Anatomical Record, Volume 296, Special Feature — 1: P-077.In chondrichthyans and actinopterygians, the outflow tract of the heart, namely, the cardiac portion intercalated between the ventricle and the ventral aorta, consists of two anatomical components: conus arteriosus and bulbus arteriosus. In chondrichthyans and extant representatives of phylogenetically ancient actinopterygian groups, the conus and bulbus are well-developed in size, whereas in most teleosts, the bulbus is markedly larger than the conus. Current knowledge about the cardiac outflow tract of the polypteriformes is scarce and highly contradictory, a fact that contrasts with their crucial phylogenetic position at the source of the actinopterygian lineage. In fact, it remains uncertain whether they have a bulbus at the arterial pole of the heart. The present study aimed to elucidate the anatomical arrangement of the cardiac outflow tract of the bichir in an attempt to improve our understanding of the evolution of the vertebrate heart. We examined the hearts from 12 bichirs using histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques. Our findings showed that the outflow tract of the bichir consists of two components, namely, a long conus arteriosus, largely composed of myocardial tissue and furnished with a variable number of valves at its luminal side, and a very short, elastin rich bulbus arteriosus, devoid of myocardium. The bulbus has an arterial-like histological composition. However, it differs from the aorta because it has a thicker wall, shows a different arrangement of the histological elements, is covered by the epicardium and is crossed by coronary arteries. The present observations are consistent with the notion that the conus arteriosus and the bulbus arteriosus have coexisted from the beginning of the jawed vertebrate radiation. This is of particular interest, because there is evidence that the bulbus arteriosus, which is a second heart field derivative, is homologous with the intrapericardial portions of the aorta and pulmonary artery of birds and mammals.Proyecto CGL2010-16417/BOS; Fondos FEDER

Citotoxicidad del glifosato en células mononucleares de sangre periférica humana

Introduction. Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum, non-selective herbicide and commonly used to eliminate weeds in agricultural and forest settings. Studies evaluating glyphosate toxicity in animals and environment show that commercial formulations of glyphosate are more toxic than the active component itself.Objectives. Technical grade glyphosate was compared with the commercial formulation Roundup® in their respective toxicities on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Materials and methods. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were exposed to different concentrations of glyphosate, either technical grade or in the form of Roundup for 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h. Cytotoxicity was assayed by trypan blue dye exclusion method and reduction of (2,3-bis[2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2Htetrazolium-5-carboxyanilide inner salt) XTT reagent.Results. Both technical grade glyphosate and Roundup® formulation were toxic to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Cytotoxicity of Roundup® was higher than cytotoxicity of glyphosate, since the LC50 (50% lethal concentration) determined by the trypan blue exclusio nmethod at 24 h was the equivalent of 56.4 μg/ml of glyphosate in the form of Roundup® and 1,640 μg/ml (1.64 mg/ml) for technical grade glyphosate.Conclusions. This in vitro study confirmed the toxic effects on human cells by glyphosate and its commercial preparations. Commercial formulations were more cytotoxic than the active component alone, supporting the concept that additives in commercial formulations play a role in the toxicity attributed to glyphosate-based herbicides.Introducción. El glifosato es un herbicida de amplio espectro, no selectivo, utilizado comúnmente en agricultura para eliminar malezas. Los estudios que han evaluado la toxicidad del glifosato en animales y en ambiente muestran que las formulaciones comerciales son más tóxicas que el componente activo

Caracterización y modelamiento de arcillas y su impacto en el proceso hidrometalúrgico de mina San Antonio Óxidos, región de Atacama, Chile

Tesis (Geología)La mina San Antonio Óxidos se ubica en la comuna Diego de Almagro, Región de Atacama. Corresponde a tres Pórfidos Cupríferos (35ma) de composición dacítica alineados en sentido Norte-Sur que intruyen una secuencia de rocas sedimentarias calcáreas y volcánicas asignadas a la Formación Asientos y la Formación Pedernales (Jurásico-Cretácico.) El yacimiento posee arcillas/finos que por sus propiedades físicas generan problemas en el procesamiento hidrometalúrgico. El objetivo general es caracterizar y modelar 3D las arcillas y determinar cómo afectan el proceso hidrometalúrgico. El estudio se realizó mediante recopilación de antecedentes, terrenos al rajo y planta hidrometalúrgica, muestreos de rocas para análisis de difractometría de rayos X (DRX), consumo de ácido y cinética de lixiviación, finalmente con información de mapeos geológicos se realiza un modelamiento 3D de la alteración argílica. Con la DRX las principales arcillas identificadas son la Illita, Caolinita, Sepiolita, Halloysita, Pirofilita y Montmorillonita. Del consumo de ácido las arcillas con cobre (115 KgH/Ton) y a la Crisocola (109 KgH/Ton) son las menas con mayor consumo y de las gangas las limonitas (54 KgH/Ton), Estos minerales a partir de mayo 2019 aumentaron gradualmente el consumo de ácido hasta 43 KgH/Ton en el mes de agosto 2019. Las muestras de metasedimento con arcillas con cobre tienen la cinética de lixiviación más baja, además afectaron el %RecCuT en la lixiviación disminuyéndola en un 15% en el mes de mayo 2019.The San Antonio Óxidos mine is located in the Diego de Almagro commune, Atacama Region. Corresponds to three Cupríferos Porphyry (35ma) of dacitic composition aligned in a North-South direction that intrude a sequence of calcareous and volcanic sedimentary rocks assigned to the Asientos Formation and the Pedernales Formation (Jurassic-Cretaceous.) The deposit has clays / fines that its physical properties create problems in hydrometallurgical processing. The general objective is to characterize and 3D model the clays and determine how they affect the hydrometallurgical process. The study was carried out by means of compilation of antecedents, terrains to the mine and hydrometallurgical plant, rock sampling for analysis of X-ray diffractometry (XRD), acid consumption and leaching kinetics, finally with geological mapping information, a 3D modeling of the argillic alteration is performed. With DRX, the main clays identified are Illita, Kaolinite, Sepiolite, Halloysite, Pyrophyllite and Montmorillonite. From the consumption of acid, clays with copper (115 KgH / Ton) and Chrysocolla (109 KgH / Ton) are the ores with the highest consumption and from bargains Limonites (54 KgH / Ton), These minerals from May 2019 increased Gradually acid consumption up to 43 KgH / Ton in August 2019. Metasediment samples with copper clays have the lowest leaching kinetics, also affected the% RecCuT in leaching, decreasing it by 15% in the month of May 2019

Evaluación de otros herbicidas para pimiento

Three field experiments were conducted from 1989 to 1990 with transplanted peppers at the Fortuna Substation. In the first and second experiments, six herbicides were evaluated for weed control in cv. Key Largo and cv. Blanco del País, respectively. In the first experiment, clomazone at 1.68 and 3.36 kg ai/ha and fluazifop-P at 0.42 and 0.84 kg ai/ha controlled grasses effectively. The highest pepper yield was obtained from the weeded check plots, followed by those of clomazone at 3.36 kg ai/ha and fluazifop-P plus one supplementary handweeding treatment. In the second experiment, fluazifop-P at 0.84 kg ai/ha plus one handweeding, and fluazifop-P at 0.42 kg ai/ha + bentazon at 2.34 L/ha mixture gave good weed control. With this treatment, peppers outyielded all other herbicide treatments, in the third experiment with cv. Cubanelle, clomazone at either 1.12 or 2.24 kg ai/ha in sequential application with paraquat oi 0.56 kg ai/ha gave excellent control of weeds. Metolachor at 2.24 and 4.46 kg ai/ha in sequential application with paraquat at 0.56 kg ai/ha provided good to excellent control of weeds. The highest pepper yield was obtained with clomazone at 2.24 kg ai/ha in sequential application with paraquat at 0.56 kg ai/ha. This yield was followed closely by that with clomazone at a lower rate in sequential application with paraquat at 0.56 kg ai/ha. Other herbicide treatments, with the exception of oxyfluorfen alone and fluazifop alone also resulted in good pepper yields.En la Subestación de Fortuna se realizaron tres experimentos de herbicidas con pimiento desde 1989 hasta 1990. En el primero y segundo experimentos se evaluaron seis herbicidas en los cultivares Key Largo y Blanco del País, respectivamente. Se logró un control excelente de las gramíneas con clomazone a 1.68 y 3.36 kg. p.a./ha. y con fluazifop-P at 0.42 y 0.84 kg. p.a./ha. El rendimiento más alto se obtuvo con el tratamiento testigo, desyerbo a mano, seguido por el de clomazone a 3.36 kg. p.a./ha. y fluazifop-P a 0.84 kg. p.a./ha. + desyerbo suplementario, los cuales controlaron bien las malezas y estuvieron relacionados con un mayor rendimiento. En el tercer experimento, utilizando la cultivar Cubanelle, se encontró que el clomazone a 1.12 o a 2.24 kg. p.a./ha. aplicado en secuencia con el paraquat a 0.56 kg. p.a./ha. controló excelentemente las malezas. El tratamiento de metolaclor a 2.24 o 4.48 kg. p.a./ ha. aplicado en secuencia con el paraquat a 0.56 kg. p.a./ha. también controló bien las malezas. El rendimiento más alto se obtuvo con clomazone a 2.24 kg. p.a./ha. aplicado en secuencia con paraquat a 0.56 kg. p.a./ha. seguido por el mismo herbicida a dosis más baja aplicado en secuencia con el paraquat a 0.56 kg. p.a./ha. Con los demás herbicidas, excepto con oxiftuorfen y fluazifop solos, también se lograron buenos rendimientos

Control químico de yerbajos en calabaza

Two herbicide experiments on pumpkin were conducted in a San Antón loam at Fortuna substation from 1989 to 1990 to evaluate clomazone, chloramben, DCPA, metolachar and certain sequential combinations. In the first experiment, clomazone at 1.12 and 2.24 kg ai/ha applied preplant gave excellent control of most grasses. Chloramben at 4.48 kg ai/ha provided only fair weed control. Chloramben in sequential application with bentazon + fluazifop mixture greatly improved weed control. DCPA at 11.2 kg ai/ha controlled weed slightly better than chloramben, DCPA in sequential application with bentazon + fluazifop mixture also improved weed control. The highest pumpkin yield was obtained with the weeded check, which was significantly superior to all herbicide treatments. There were no significant yield differences among the herbicide treatments. In the second experiment, the best weed control treatment was clomazone at 2.24 kg ai/ha applied as pre-plant + sequential application of paraquat at 0.56 kg ai/ha. Metolachor at 2.24 and 4.48 kg ai/ha gave good grass control (80-93%), but only fair (46-70%) on broad leaf weeds. Chloramben at 4.48 kg ai/ha only fairly controlled weeds. DCPA at 11.2 kg ai/ha gave good grass control, but was weak on broadleaf weeds. Chloramben or DCPA in sequential application with paraquat at the rate of 0.56 kg ai/ha controlled weeds better than either used alone. The highest pumpkin yield was obtained with clomazone at 2.24 kg ai/ha + paraquat at 0.56 kg at/ha, followed by the weeded check and clomazone at 1.12 kg ai/ha. These three treaments differed significantly from the four remaining herbicide treatments.En un suelo San Antón de la subestación de Fortuna se realizaron en 1989-90 dos experimentos de campo para evaluar herbicidas en calabaza. En el primer experimento, con clomazone aplicado antes de la siembra a razón de 1.12 y 2.24 kg. p.a./ha., se logró un excelente control de las gramíneas. Chloramben solo, a razón de 4.48 kg. p.a./ha., no controló adecuadamente las malezas, pero la aplicación subsiguiente de bentazon + fluazifop las controló mucho mejor. El DCPA a razón de 1 1.2 kg. p.a./ha,, solo o en secuencia con el bentazon + fluazifop, controló las malezas eficazmente. El mayor rendimiento de calabaza se obtuvo en parcelas testigo desyerbadas a mano. No hubo diferencias significativas en rendimiento entre los tratamientos de herbicidas. En el segundo experimento, el tratamiento que mejor controló las malezas fue aplicación presiembra de 2.24 k.g, p.a./ha. de clomazone seguido por una aplicación de 0.56 k.g. p.a./ha. de paraquat, Metolachlor a razón de 2.24 y 4.48 kg. p.a./ha., y DCPA, a razón de 11.2 kg. p.a./ha. fueron eficaces para controlar las gramíneas, pero no las malezas de hoja ancha. Chloramben y DCPA, en aplicación en secuencia con paraquat a razón de 0.56 k.g. p.a./ha., controlaron mejor las malezas que cada uno aplicado solo. El mayor rendimiento de calabaza se obtuvo en parcelas tratadas con clomazone a razón de 2.24 kg. p.a./ha. + paraquat a razón de 0.56 kg. p.a./ha., seguido por las parcelas testigo desyerbadas a mano; finalmente por las parcelas tratadas con clomazone a razón de 1.12 k.g. p.a./ha. + paraquat a razón de 0.56 k.g. p.a./ha. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre estos tres tratamientos

Análisis Toxicogenómico de Potenciales Alteraciones en la Expresión Genética en Linfocitos Humanos Expuestos a Glifosato: Implicaciones en el Desarrollo de Linfoma No Hodgkin

RESUMENDiversos estudios han encontrado una relación entre la exposición a glifosato y el desarrollo de Linfoma No Hodgkin, no obstante, las bases moleculares que soporten dicha asociación no se han logrado establecer. Este estudio pretende clarificar la posible existencia de dichas bases moleculares. Las células mononucleares de sangre periférica procedentes de individuos sanos se expusieron a diversas concentraciones de glifosato puro y del producto comercial Roundup, con el fin de evaluar el efecto citotóxico de estos dos agentes usando ensayos con el reactivo XTT y el método de exclusión con azul de tripano. Los resultados preliminares muestran que ambos productos exhibieron un efecto citotóxico el cual fue significativamente mayor en las células tratadas con Roundup. Palabras clave: Glifosato, Roundup, Citotoxicidad, Linfoma No Hodgkin ABSTRACT Various studies have encountered a relation between exposition to glyphosfate and the development of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; however the molecular basis of this association is unclear. In this paper we study these molecular bases to clarify them. The mononuclear cell circulating in the bloodstream of the health individuals were exposure to different concentrations of pure glyphosfate and Roundup to evaluate the citotoxic effect of these two agents using assays with XXT-reactive and the method of exclusion with trypan blue. The preliminal result shown both products had a citotoxic effect on lymphocytes but was higher with Roundup.  Key words: Glyphosfate, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Roundup, citotoxicit