Ability of ecological deprivation indices to measure social inequalities in a French cohort

Background: Despite the increasing interest in place effect to explain health inequalities, there is currently no consensus on which kind of area-based socioeconomic measures researchers should use to assess neighborhood socioeconomic position (SEP). The study aimed to evaluate the reliability of different area-based deprivation indices (DIs) in capturing socioeconomic residential conditions of French elderly women cohort. Methods: We assessed area-based SEP using 3 DIs: Townsend Index, French European Deprivation Index (FEDI) and French Deprivation index (FDep), among women from E3N (Etude épidémiologique auprès des femmes de la Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale). DIs were derived from the 2009 French census at IRIS level (smallest geographical units in France). Educational level was used to evaluate individual-SEP. To evaluate external validity of the 3 DIs, associations between two well-established socially patterned outcomes among French elderly women (smoking and overweight) and SEP, were compared. Odd ratios were computed with generalized estimating equations to control for clustering effects from participants within the same IRIS. Results: The analysis was performed among 63,888 women (aged 64, 47% ever smokers and 30% overweight). Substantial agreement was observed between the two French DIs (Kappa coefficient = 0.61) and between Townsend and FEDI (0.74) and fair agreement between Townsend and FDep (0.21). As expected among French elderly women, those with lower educational level were significantly less prone to be ever smoker (Low vs. High; OR [95% CI] = 0.43 [0.40–0.46]) and more prone to being overweight (1.89 [1.77–2.01]) than women higher educated. FDep showed expected associations at area-level for both smoking (most deprived vs. least deprived quintile; 0.77 [0.73–0.81]) and overweight (1.52 [1.44–1.62]). For FEDI opposite associations with smoking (1.13 [1.07–1.19]) and expected association with overweight (1.20 [1.13–1.28]) were observed. Townsend showed opposite associations to those expected for both smoking and overweight (1.51 [1.43–1.59]; 0.93 [0.88–0.99], respectively). Conclusion: FDep seemed reliable to capture socioeconomic residential conditions of the E3N women, more educated in average than general French population. Results varied strongly according to the DI with unexpected results for some of them, which suggested the importance to test external validity before studying social disparities in health in specific populations

Benefits of adapting to sea level rise : the importance of ecosystem services in the French Mediterranean sandy coastline

This article proposes an innovative approach to assess the benefits of adapting to sea level rise (SLR) in a coastal area on a regional scale. The valuation framework integrates coastal ecosystem services, together with urban and agricultural assets. We simulate the impacts of a progressive 1 m rise in sea level in the twenty-first century and an extreme flooding event in 2100 for four contrasted adaptation scenarios (Denial, “Laissez-faire”, Protection and Retreat). The assessment involves coupling the results of hazard-modelling approaches with different economic valuation methods, including direct damage functions and methods used in environmental economics. The framework is applied to the French Mediterranean sandy coastline. SLR will result in major land-use changes at the 2100 time horizon: relocation or densification of urban areas, loss of agricultural land, increase in lagoon areas and modification of wetlands (losses, migration or extension of ecosystems). Total benefits of public adaptation options planned in advance could reach €31.2 billion for the period 2010–2100, i.e. €69,000 per inhabitant (in the study area) in 2010 or €135 million/km of coastline. Our results highlight the importance of (i) raising awareness to ensure that public services and coastal managers can anticipate the consequences of SLR and (ii) incorporating coastal ecosystems into the assessment of the adaptation options. Our findings could provide a basis for participatory foresight approaches to build coastline adaptation pathways.PostprintPeer reviewe

Evolution of coastal zone vulnerability to marine inundation in a global change context. Application to Languedoc Roussillon (France)

The coastal system is likely to suffer increasing costal risk in a global change context. Its management implies to consider those risks in a holistic approach of the different vulnerability components of the coastal zone, by improving knowledge of hazard and exposure as well as analyzing and quantifying present day and future territory vulnerability. The ANR/VMC2007/MISEEVA project (2008-2011) has applied this approach on Languedoc Roussillon region in France. MISEEVA approach relies on several scenarios for 2030 and 2100, in terms of meteorology (driver of coastal hazard), sea level rise, and also considering further trends in demography and economy, and possible adaption strategies Hazard has been modeled (SWAN, MARS and SURFWB), on the base of the presentday situation, sea level rise hypotheses, and existing or modeled data, of extreme meteorological driving f. It allowed to assess the possible surges ranges and map coastal zone exposure to: - a permanent inundation (considering sea level rise in 2030 and 2100, - a recurrent inundation (considering sea level rise and extreme tidal range) - an exceptional inundation (adding extreme storm surge to sea level rise and tidal range). In 2030, exposure will be comparable to present day exposure. In 2100, extreme condition will affect a larger zone. Present days social and economic components of the coastal zone have been analyzed in terms of vulnerability and potential damaging. Adaptation capacity was approached by public inquiries and interviews of stakeholders and policy makers, based on existing planning documents The knowledge of the present day system is then compared to the possible management strategies that could be chosen in the future, so to imagine what would be the evolution of vulnerability to marine inundation, in regards to these possible strategies

Higher COVID-19 pneumonia risk associated with anti-IFN-α than with anti-IFN-ω auto-Abs in children

We found that 19 (10.4%) of 183 unvaccinated children hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia had autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing type I IFNs (IFN-alpha 2 in 10 patients: IFN-alpha 2 only in three, IFN-alpha 2 plus IFN-omega in five, and IFN-alpha 2, IFN-omega plus IFN-beta in two; IFN-omega only in nine patients). Seven children (3.8%) had Abs neutralizing at least 10 ng/ml of one IFN, whereas the other 12 (6.6%) had Abs neutralizing only 100 pg/ml. The auto-Abs neutralized both unglycosylated and glycosylated IFNs. We also detected auto-Abs neutralizing 100 pg/ml IFN-alpha 2 in 4 of 2,267 uninfected children (0.2%) and auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-omega in 45 children (2%). The odds ratios (ORs) for life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia were, therefore, higher for auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-alpha 2 only (OR [95% CI] = 67.6 [5.7-9,196.6]) than for auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-. only (OR [95% CI] = 2.6 [1.2-5.3]). ORs were also higher for auto-Abs neutralizing high concentrations (OR [95% CI] = 12.9 [4.6-35.9]) than for those neutralizing low concentrations (OR [95% CI] = 5.5 [3.1-9.6]) of IFN-omega and/or IFN-alpha 2

La privacy à l’ère du numérique

Le présent article s’interroge sur les enjeux et le sens du privé aujourd’hui, à l’heure de l’omniprésence des technologies de l’information et de la communication qui s’accompagnent d’autant de bénéfices quotidiens que de risques exacerbés par les mémoires numériques

The Asian destiny of Australia

Avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l’Australie était fermée à l’Asie, motivée par la peur du "péril jaune" et un sentiment de supériorité raciale ; la majeure partie de sa population venait d’Europe et le pays se plaçait sous la protection britannique pour éviter l’"invasion asiatique". La Seconde Guerre mondiale et le processus de décolonisation bouleversèrent la géopolitique de l’Australie qui prit conscience de l’importance de son voisinage pour sa sécurité et pour sa prospérité. En tant que pays occidental situé au bord de l’Asie, l’Australie devait trouver sa place dans le nouveau contexte et se repenser pour adapter son histoire à sa géographie. C’est ainsi que le gouvernement développa les relations économiques et politiques avec les pays voisins et ouvrit le pays aux Asiatiques. Ce processus d’engagement régional, qui s’intensifia entre 1942 et 2002, allait changer la perception identitaire du pays et de son peuple.Before the Second World War, Australia’s borders were closed to Asia’s peoples and relations with the Asian countries were limited ; this was justified by the nation’s fear of the "yellow peril" and a sense of racial superiority. At that time, the vast majority of Australia’s population originated from Europe and the protection offered by Great Britain in part assisted in the avoidance of an "Asian invasion". World War Two and the process of decolonisation brought about a drastic change in the geopolitics of Australia, and the importance of the Asian region with respect to the nation’s security and prosperity began to be recognised. As a Western country on the fringe of Asia, Australia had to find its place in this new context and to reinvent itself to reconcile its history with its geography. In this respect, the Australian government soon developed economic and political relations with the neighbouring countries and opened immigration channels to people of the Asian region. This process of regional engagement, which intensified between 1942 and 2002, would change the perceived identity perception of the country and of its people

Économie de l’attention et vie privée

National audienc

La privacy à l'ère du numérique (une gestion par les tensions)

La diffusion aujourd'hui massive de l'informatique et la démocratisation des usages de l'Internet, de la téléphonie mobile, ou plus récemment d'autres objets communicants, génèrent une profusion de traces numériques gardant la mémoire des actions des usagers. Vanté par certains qui y voient l'opportunité d'améliorer la sécurité publique, la relation marchande ou encore leur propre confort par exemple, ce constat fait craindre à d'autres l'avènement d'une société de la surveillance érodant le sens du privé. Le présent travail s'interroge sur la notion de privacy à l'ère du numérique, et montre comment les changements technologiques, serviciels et d'usage mettent en tension l'acceptation traditionnelle de la privacy fondée sur des normes. Si les problèmes de privacy liés aux technologies de l'information et de la communication ne sont pas nés avec l'ère numérique comme le montre notre analyse socio-historique, des changements se produisent aujourd'hui qui durcissent les tensions expérimentées par les usagers, et questionnent les modalités de régulation pour y répondre. Un changement d'ampleur dans la quantité d'informations existante et dans l'accessibilité de celles-ci change la nature des risques en termes de privacy. Ceux-ci deviennent difficiles à anticiper, et ne se perçoivent bien souvent qu'au travers des problèmes de privacy, une fois ceux-ci révélés. L'analyse de micro-affaires ordinaires et de cas plus médiatisés intervenant dans différentes sphères d'usage montre que la réflexion en termes de privacy doit désormais s'orienter vers le développement de modalités de régulation complémentaires au dispositif normatif existant, modalités plus souples et appropriables par les individus.The massive diffusion of information technology and of the Internet, of the mobile phone and of other communicating technologies produce lots of digital traces which keep the memory of people's acts. Some see in these changes the opportunity to increase security, Customer relationship management or comfort in everyday life. But some other fear the advent of a surveillance society in which privacy would erode. We examine here what privacy in the digital age means, and how the technological changes, but also services and uses changes unhinge the traditional privacy acceptation based on norms. Privacy problems predate the digital era. But somme changes nowadays harden privacy problems and call into question the way these problems are responded to. The wide scope of digital information and its accessibility affects privacy risks, which become difficult to pre-empt. Crises analysis shows that privacy reflexion shall from now on go in for complementary ways that should be easygoing for people to use them.PARIS5-Bib. SHS Descartes CNRS (751062113) / SudocSudocFranceF

Diffusion socio-technique de la pile à combustible en France

Introduction Le développement des nouvelles technologies de l’énergie est un processus complexe, risqué, incertain, requérant d’importants investissements. Ces technologies apportent des réponses à la nécessaire transition durable (Jacobsson et Bergek, 2011) caractérisée par une évolution des modes de production et de consommation prenant davantage en compte l’environnement et la disponibilité des ressources. Il n’en reste pas moins que leur diffusion se fait à des rythmes différents selon le..

Économie de l’attention et vie privée

Le concept de privacy* emprunté à l’anglais désigne usuellement le lien entre la personne et les technologies de l’information. Son apparition remonterait au développement de la photographie dans la presse écrite au xixe siècle (Warren et Brandeis, 1890). En France, le terme correspond assez largement au concept de « donnée à caractère personnel » au centre de la loi Informatique et libertés de 1978. La qualification d’une donnée à caractère personnel, son traitement et sa connexion à d’autre..