Exposition professionnelle agricole à des pesticides et risque de cancers de la prostate, du sein et de l'ovaire au sein de la cohorte AGRIculture et CANcer

Prostate and breast cancer are very frequent cancers. Ovarian cancer is less frequent but more lethal. The professional etiology of these cancers is not well known. Scientific literature has shown an association between farming, exposure to pesticides and prostate cancer, however chemical families and specific active substances have not been extensively explored. Breast and ovarian cancer have been less studied, however epidemiological studies have suggested an association between breast cancer (organochlorine) and ovarian cancer (triazines) and use of pesticides. AGRICAN is one of the largest cohort study on health in the agricultural sector with more than 180,000 participants followed since 2005. The risk of prostate cancer (n=4,000) was particularly high for cattle farmers, as well as for meadow farmers, sunflower farmers and for fruit growers. There was also an increased risk of prostate cancer for famers exposed to aldrine, chlordane or heptachlore for more than 40 years, and for those who had the highest scores exposure for aldrine, HCH, heptachlore and dicofol. The risk of ovarian cancer (n=262) was lower for women born on a pig farm, as well as for corn farmers. However, there was an increased risk for women with no history of oral contraception use who worked on pig or poultry farms, who treated potato seeds and for fruit growers. There was no association between ovarian cancer and direct exposure to triazine, and an elevated risk of ovarian cancer for indirect exposure to atrazine or cyanazine. For breast cancer (n=1,800), the risk differed depending on menopause status. For pre-menopausal women, the risk was increased for cattle and poultry farmers, as well as for vine-growers. For post-menopausal women, the risk was decreased for cattle, meadow, corn and wheat farmers, and increased for poultry farmers, vine-growers, and beet and sunflower farmers as well as for vegetable growers (field and greenhouses). No association was found between direct or indirect exposure to pyrethrinoïdes insecticides and breast cancer in the preliminary analyses performed. Globally, these results provide data supporting the association between agricultural professional exposure and pesticides and prostate cancer. The results for breast and ovarian cancer highlight the need for further research on women in the agricultural sector. On the basis of these results, it seems essential to perform further research as well as development of public health programs to reduce pesticide exposure of farmers to pesticides and to other types of exposures in the agricultural sector.Les cancers de la prostate et du sein sont des cancers très fréquents, le cancer de l’ovaire l’est beaucoup moins mais est plus létal. L’étiologie professionnelle de ces trois cancers reste peu connue. La littérature montre un lien entre le travail agricole et l’exposition aux pesticides et le cancer de la prostate, cependant, les familles chimiques et matières actives spécifiques restent encore peu explorées. Les cancers du sein et de l’ovaire sont beaucoup moins étudiés, cependant, des études épidémiologiques ont suggéré un lien entre le cancer du sein (organochlorés) et de l’ovaire (triazines) et l’utilisation de pesticides. AGRICAN est une des plus grandes études de cohorte sur la santé en milieu professionnel agricole, avec plus de 180 000 participants suivis depuis 2005. Le risque de cancer de la prostate (n=4 000) est apparu particulièrement élevé chez les éleveurs de bovins, ainsi que chez les cultivateurs de prairies, de tournesol et chez les arboriculteurs. Le risque de cancer de la prostate était également augmenté chez les agriculteurs exposés à l’aldrine, au chlordane ou à l’heptachlore pendant plus de 40 ans, et chez ceux présentant les scores d’exposition les plus élevés à l’aldrine, à l’HCH, à l’heptachlore et au dicofol. Le risque de cancer de l’ovaire (n=262) était plutôt diminué pour les femmes nées sur une exploitation élevant des porcs, et pour les cultivatrices de maïs, en revanche, le risque était augmenté pour les femmes, sans historique de prise de contraceptifs oraux, travaillant dans des élevages de cochons, et de volaille, effectuant le traitement des semences de pommes de terre ou travaillant en arboriculture. Il n’y avait pas d’association entre exposition directe aux triazines et cancer de l’ovaire, et une légère augmentation de risque pour l’exposition indirecte à l’atrazine ou la cyanazine. Pour le cancer du sein (n=1 800), les risques étaient différents selon le statut ménopausique des femmes. Chez les femmes avant ménopause, le risque était augmenté pour les éleveuses de bovin, de volaille et pour les viticultrices. Chez les femmes après ménopause, les risques étaient diminués chez les éleveuses de bovins, les cultivatrices de prairies, maïs, et blé, et les risques étaient augmentés chez les éleveuses de volaille, les viticultrices, les cultivatrices de betteraves, tournesol, légumes plein champs et serres. Nous n’avons pas trouvé d’association entre l’exposition directe ou indirecte pour les analyses préliminaires effectuées entre le cancer du sein et les insecticides pyréthrinoïdes. Globalement, ces résultats renforcent les preuves d’un lien entre l’exposition professionnelle agricole et aux pesticides et le risque de cancer de la prostate. Les résultats trouvés pour le cancer du sein et le cancer de l’ovaire montrent l’importance de poursuivre les recherches sur les femmes dans le domaine agricole. Sur la base de ces résultats, il apparaît primordial de poursuivre les recherches ainsi que les efforts de santé publique pour réduire l’exposition des agriculteurs et agricultrices aux pesticides et autres nuisances en milieu agricole

Occupational agricultural and pesticide exposure and risk of prostate, breast and ovarian cancer in the AGRIculture and CANcer cohort

Les cancers de la prostate et du sein sont des cancers très fréquents, le cancer de l’ovaire l’est beaucoup moins mais est plus létal. L’étiologie professionnelle de ces trois cancers reste peu connue. La littérature montre un lien entre le travail agricole et l’exposition aux pesticides et le cancer de la prostate, cependant, les familles chimiques et matières actives spécifiques restent encore peu explorées. Les cancers du sein et de l’ovaire sont beaucoup moins étudiés, cependant, des études épidémiologiques ont suggéré un lien entre le cancer du sein (organochlorés) et de l’ovaire (triazines) et l’utilisation de pesticides. AGRICAN est une des plus grandes études de cohorte sur la santé en milieu professionnel agricole, avec plus de 180 000 participants suivis depuis 2005. Le risque de cancer de la prostate (n=4 000) est apparu particulièrement élevé chez les éleveurs de bovins, ainsi que chez les cultivateurs de prairies, de tournesol et chez les arboriculteurs. Le risque de cancer de la prostate était également augmenté chez les agriculteurs exposés à l’aldrine, au chlordane ou à l’heptachlore pendant plus de 40 ans, et chez ceux présentant les scores d’exposition les plus élevés à l’aldrine, à l’HCH, à l’heptachlore et au dicofol. Le risque de cancer de l’ovaire (n=262) était plutôt diminué pour les femmes nées sur une exploitation élevant des porcs, et pour les cultivatrices de maïs, en revanche, le risque était augmenté pour les femmes, sans historique de prise de contraceptifs oraux, travaillant dans des élevages de cochons, et de volaille, effectuant le traitement des semences de pommes de terre ou travaillant en arboriculture. Il n’y avait pas d’association entre exposition directe aux triazines et cancer de l’ovaire, et une légère augmentation de risque pour l’exposition indirecte à l’atrazine ou la cyanazine. Pour le cancer du sein (n=1 800), les risques étaient différents selon le statut ménopausique des femmes. Chez les femmes avant ménopause, le risque était augmenté pour les éleveuses de bovin, de volaille et pour les viticultrices. Chez les femmes après ménopause, les risques étaient diminués chez les éleveuses de bovins, les cultivatrices de prairies, maïs, et blé, et les risques étaient augmentés chez les éleveuses de volaille, les viticultrices, les cultivatrices de betteraves, tournesol, légumes plein champs et serres. Nous n’avons pas trouvé d’association entre l’exposition directe ou indirecte pour les analyses préliminaires effectuées entre le cancer du sein et les insecticides pyréthrinoïdes. Globalement, ces résultats renforcent les preuves d’un lien entre l’exposition professionnelle agricole et aux pesticides et le risque de cancer de la prostate. Les résultats trouvés pour le cancer du sein et le cancer de l’ovaire montrent l’importance de poursuivre les recherches sur les femmes dans le domaine agricole. Sur la base de ces résultats, il apparaît primordial de poursuivre les recherches ainsi que les efforts de santé publique pour réduire l’exposition des agriculteurs et agricultrices aux pesticides et autres nuisances en milieu agricole.Prostate and breast cancer are very frequent cancers. Ovarian cancer is less frequent but more lethal. The professional etiology of these cancers is not well known. Scientific literature has shown an association between farming, exposure to pesticides and prostate cancer, however chemical families and specific active substances have not been extensively explored. Breast and ovarian cancer have been less studied, however epidemiological studies have suggested an association between breast cancer (organochlorine) and ovarian cancer (triazines) and use of pesticides. AGRICAN is one of the largest cohort study on health in the agricultural sector with more than 180,000 participants followed since 2005. The risk of prostate cancer (n=4,000) was particularly high for cattle farmers, as well as for meadow farmers, sunflower farmers and for fruit growers. There was also an increased risk of prostate cancer for famers exposed to aldrine, chlordane or heptachlore for more than 40 years, and for those who had the highest scores exposure for aldrine, HCH, heptachlore and dicofol. The risk of ovarian cancer (n=262) was lower for women born on a pig farm, as well as for corn farmers. However, there was an increased risk for women with no history of oral contraception use who worked on pig or poultry farms, who treated potato seeds and for fruit growers. There was no association between ovarian cancer and direct exposure to triazine, and an elevated risk of ovarian cancer for indirect exposure to atrazine or cyanazine. For breast cancer (n=1,800), the risk differed depending on menopause status. For pre-menopausal women, the risk was increased for cattle and poultry farmers, as well as for vine-growers. For post-menopausal women, the risk was decreased for cattle, meadow, corn and wheat farmers, and increased for poultry farmers, vine-growers, and beet and sunflower farmers as well as for vegetable growers (field and greenhouses). No association was found between direct or indirect exposure to pyrethrinoïdes insecticides and breast cancer in the preliminary analyses performed. Globally, these results provide data supporting the association between agricultural professional exposure and pesticides and prostate cancer. The results for breast and ovarian cancer highlight the need for further research on women in the agricultural sector. On the basis of these results, it seems essential to perform further research as well as development of public health programs to reduce pesticide exposure of farmers to pesticides and to other types of exposures in the agricultural sector

Exposition professionnelle agricole à des pesticides et risque de cancers de la prostate, du sein et de l'ovaire au sein de la cohorte AGRIculture et CANcer

Prostate and breast cancer are very frequent cancers. Ovarian cancer is less frequent but more lethal. The professional etiology of these cancers is not well known. Scientific literature has shown an association between farming, exposure to pesticides and prostate cancer, however chemical families and specific active substances have not been extensively explored. Breast and ovarian cancer have been less studied, however epidemiological studies have suggested an association between breast cancer (organochlorine) and ovarian cancer (triazines) and use of pesticides. AGRICAN is one of the largest cohort study on health in the agricultural sector with more than 180,000 participants followed since 2005. The risk of prostate cancer (n=4,000) was particularly high for cattle farmers, as well as for meadow farmers, sunflower farmers and for fruit growers. There was also an increased risk of prostate cancer for famers exposed to aldrine, chlordane or heptachlore for more than 40 years, and for those who had the highest scores exposure for aldrine, HCH, heptachlore and dicofol. The risk of ovarian cancer (n=262) was lower for women born on a pig farm, as well as for corn farmers. However, there was an increased risk for women with no history of oral contraception use who worked on pig or poultry farms, who treated potato seeds and for fruit growers. There was no association between ovarian cancer and direct exposure to triazine, and an elevated risk of ovarian cancer for indirect exposure to atrazine or cyanazine. For breast cancer (n=1,800), the risk differed depending on menopause status. For pre-menopausal women, the risk was increased for cattle and poultry farmers, as well as for vine-growers. For post-menopausal women, the risk was decreased for cattle, meadow, corn and wheat farmers, and increased for poultry farmers, vine-growers, and beet and sunflower farmers as well as for vegetable growers (field and greenhouses). No association was found between direct or indirect exposure to pyrethrinoïdes insecticides and breast cancer in the preliminary analyses performed. Globally, these results provide data supporting the association between agricultural professional exposure and pesticides and prostate cancer. The results for breast and ovarian cancer highlight the need for further research on women in the agricultural sector. On the basis of these results, it seems essential to perform further research as well as development of public health programs to reduce pesticide exposure of farmers to pesticides and to other types of exposures in the agricultural sector.Les cancers de la prostate et du sein sont des cancers très fréquents, le cancer de l’ovaire l’est beaucoup moins mais est plus létal. L’étiologie professionnelle de ces trois cancers reste peu connue. La littérature montre un lien entre le travail agricole et l’exposition aux pesticides et le cancer de la prostate, cependant, les familles chimiques et matières actives spécifiques restent encore peu explorées. Les cancers du sein et de l’ovaire sont beaucoup moins étudiés, cependant, des études épidémiologiques ont suggéré un lien entre le cancer du sein (organochlorés) et de l’ovaire (triazines) et l’utilisation de pesticides. AGRICAN est une des plus grandes études de cohorte sur la santé en milieu professionnel agricole, avec plus de 180 000 participants suivis depuis 2005. Le risque de cancer de la prostate (n=4 000) est apparu particulièrement élevé chez les éleveurs de bovins, ainsi que chez les cultivateurs de prairies, de tournesol et chez les arboriculteurs. Le risque de cancer de la prostate était également augmenté chez les agriculteurs exposés à l’aldrine, au chlordane ou à l’heptachlore pendant plus de 40 ans, et chez ceux présentant les scores d’exposition les plus élevés à l’aldrine, à l’HCH, à l’heptachlore et au dicofol. Le risque de cancer de l’ovaire (n=262) était plutôt diminué pour les femmes nées sur une exploitation élevant des porcs, et pour les cultivatrices de maïs, en revanche, le risque était augmenté pour les femmes, sans historique de prise de contraceptifs oraux, travaillant dans des élevages de cochons, et de volaille, effectuant le traitement des semences de pommes de terre ou travaillant en arboriculture. Il n’y avait pas d’association entre exposition directe aux triazines et cancer de l’ovaire, et une légère augmentation de risque pour l’exposition indirecte à l’atrazine ou la cyanazine. Pour le cancer du sein (n=1 800), les risques étaient différents selon le statut ménopausique des femmes. Chez les femmes avant ménopause, le risque était augmenté pour les éleveuses de bovin, de volaille et pour les viticultrices. Chez les femmes après ménopause, les risques étaient diminués chez les éleveuses de bovins, les cultivatrices de prairies, maïs, et blé, et les risques étaient augmentés chez les éleveuses de volaille, les viticultrices, les cultivatrices de betteraves, tournesol, légumes plein champs et serres. Nous n’avons pas trouvé d’association entre l’exposition directe ou indirecte pour les analyses préliminaires effectuées entre le cancer du sein et les insecticides pyréthrinoïdes. Globalement, ces résultats renforcent les preuves d’un lien entre l’exposition professionnelle agricole et aux pesticides et le risque de cancer de la prostate. Les résultats trouvés pour le cancer du sein et le cancer de l’ovaire montrent l’importance de poursuivre les recherches sur les femmes dans le domaine agricole. Sur la base de ces résultats, il apparaît primordial de poursuivre les recherches ainsi que les efforts de santé publique pour réduire l’exposition des agriculteurs et agricultrices aux pesticides et autres nuisances en milieu agricole

Sphères publiques et représentations sociales du vaccin : analyse chez les pro-vaccins vs anti-vaccins: Analyse chez les pro-vaccins et les anti-vaccins

International audienceThe medical bodies promoting vaccination and raising global awareness of its benefits still have a lot of work to do. To understand the situation, the authors conducted a psychology study on the social representation of vaccination in France using a three-part, mixed methodology survey. The survey was posted on Facebook from March to June 2019, specifically on group pages for people who identify as anti-vaxxers and group pages for people who identify as “neutral”.Le combat mené par les instances médicales afin de promouvoir la vaccination et de sensibiliser la population mondiale à ses bienfaits est loin d’être gagné. Afin de mieux comprendre cette situation, les auteurs ont mené une étude en psychologie sur la représentation sociale du vaccin en France à l’aide d’un questionnaire basé sur une méthodologie mixte et composé de trois parties. Le questionnaire a été publié sur le réseau social Facebook de mars à juin 2019, plus particulièrement sur le site des groupes de personnes se déclarant comme « anti-vaccins » et sur le site des groupes dits « neutres »

Proteomic Investigations of Proteases Involved in Cotyledon Senescence: A Model to Explore the Genotypic Variability of Proteolysis Machinery Associated with Nitrogen Remobilization Efficiency during the Leaf Senescence of Oilseed Rape

Oilseed rape is characterized by a low nitrogen remobilization efficiency during leaf senescence, mainly due to a lack of proteolysis. Because cotyledons are subjected to senescence, it was hypothesized that contrasting protease activities between genotypes may be distinguishable early in the senescence of cotyledons. To verify this assumption, our goals were to (i) characterize protease activities in cotyledons between two genotypes with contrasting nitrogen remobilization efficiency (Ténor and Samouraï) under limiting or ample nitrate supply; and (ii) test the role of salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in proteolysis regulation. Protease activities were measured and identified by a proteomics approach combining activity-based protein profiling with LC-MS/MS. As in senescing leaves, chlorophyll and protein contents decrease in senescing cotyledons and are correlated with an increase in serine and cysteine protease activities. Two RD21-like and SAG-12 proteases previously associated with an efficient proteolysis in senescing leaves of Ténor are also detected in senescing cotyledons. The infiltration of ABA and SA provokes the induction of senescence and several cysteine and serine protease activities. The study of protease activities during the senescence of cotyledons seems to be a promising experimental model to investigate the regulation and genotypic variability of proteolysis associated with efficient N remobilization

Influence of social deprivation and remoteness on the likelihood of sphincter amputation for rectal cancer: a high-resolution population-based study

International audienceBACKGROUND:Medical care in rectal cancer is subject to social inequality. According to the last French guidelines, a 1-cm distal margin below the lower pole of the rectal tumor is now considered sufficient. This extends the limits of the current sphincter preservation gold standard. Like for other innovative technics, the dissemination of such technics is often subject to social and geographical inequalities. The objective was to analyze whether sphincter preservation in rectal cancer is subject to social or geographical inequality.METHODS:The odds of sphincter preservation was modeled by logistic regression among the 1453 patients in the Calvados digestive cancer registry between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 2015 by examining some of the variables that could influence it: social inequalities and geographical remoteness, sex, age, and stage.RESULTS:A total of 69.4% of the population received sphincter preservation. Patients in the more deprived quintiles had a significantly higher probability of having sphincter amputation (odds ratio (OR) = 1.469 (1.046-2.064)). This result was no longer significant after adjustment on stage and travel time. There was a dose-effect pattern of geographical remoteness on likelihood of sphincter preservation with a progressive increase in OR between patients living the nearest and the furthest from the reference center (p-trend = 0.0178).CONCLUSION:This study shows that the probability of receiving sphincter preservation is influenced by the social environment and strongly influenced by remoteness. Although management guidelines have had a huge impact on the rates of sphincter preservation, they have not reduced the influence of the social and geographical environment on sphincter preservation

Agriculture Exposure and Time to Pregnancy Among Women Enrolled in the French Prospective Cohort AGRICAN

OBJECTIVES: In few retrospective studies, prolonged time-to-pregnancy (TTP) was observed for women exposed to pesticides especially in flower production. The present study investigated time-to-pregnancy in the AGRICAN cohort. METHODS: Analyses were performed on 616 women reporting a pregnancy (2005 to 2017), and data on agricultural activities performed before the last pregnancy was retrospectively collected. Fecundability odds ratios (fOR) were estimated using a discrete time analogue of Cox proportional hazard model adjusted on maternal and paternal age, body mass index (BMI), and alcohol consumption. RESULTS: A decrease in fecundability was non-significantly associated with farm work (adjusted fOR = 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.71 to 1.05). Decreases were also observed for nightwork (afOR = 0.75; 95% CI: 0.49 to 1.15) and exposure to vibrations (afOR = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.43 to 1.09). CONCLUSION: Women working on a farm before conception appeared to experience a longer TTP. Negative associations were suggested for some agricultural activities and working conditions

Agricultural exposure and risk of soft tissue sarcomas and gastrointestinal stromal sarcoma in the AGRIculture and CANcer (AGRICAN) cohort

BACKGROUND: Sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors whose incidence is nearly 5 per 100 000 inhabitants in Europe. Their causes are poorly understood, although occupational exposures (especially farming and pesticides) are suspected. METHODS: The AGRICAN cohort is a prospective study of 181,842 individuals enrolled in 2005-2007 who completed an enrolment questionnaire with data on lifelong agricultural exposure. Associations between agricultural exposure and sarcoma overall, GIST (gastro-intestinal stromal tumors) and myomatous and fibrous sarcoma together, were analyzed with a Cox model. RESULTS: Until 2015, 188 incident cases of sarcoma were identified. Increased risks were observed (1) among cattle farmers working < 10 years (HR(<10years) =2.45, 95%CI 1.36-4.43) and breeding ≥ 50 livestock (HR(≥50 animals) =3.84, 95%CI 1.60-9.22), especially if involved in animal care and building disinfection, (2) in greenhouse production (HR=1.82, 95%CI 1.01-3.30), and (3) in field-grown vegetable production (HR=1.49, 95%CI 0.96-2.32). Concerning histological subtypes, GIST were positively associated with pesticide use in vineyards (HR=2.24, 95%CI 0.95-5.30). For myomatous and fibrous sarcoma, the only increase was seen in field-grown vegetable production (HR=2.37, 95%CI 1.16-4.85). CONCLUSION: In AGRICAN, the risk of sarcomas was increased in several farming activities with differences according to histological subtype

A Genotypic Comparison Reveals That the Improvement in Nitrogen Remobilization Efficiency in Oilseed Rape Leaves Is Related to Specific Patterns of Senescence-Associated Protease Activities and Phytohormones

International audienceOilseed rape ( L.) is an oleoproteaginous crop characterized by low N use efficiency (NUE) that is mainly related to a weak Nitrogen Remobilization Efficiency (NRE) during the sequential leaf senescence of the vegetative stages. Based on the hypothesis that proteolysis efficiency is crucial for the improvement of leafNRE, our objective was to characterize key senescence-associated proteolytic mechanisms of two genotypes (Ténor and Samouraï) previously identified with contrasting NREs. To reach this goal, biochemical changes, protease activities and phytohormone patterns were studied in mature leaves undergoing senescence in two genotypes with contrasting NRE cultivated in a greenhouse under limiting or ample nitrate supply. The genotype with the higher NRE (Ténor) possessed enhanced senescence processes in response to nitrate limitation, and this led to greater degradation of soluble proteins compared to the other genotype (Samouraï). This efficient proteolysis is associated with (i) an increase in serine and cysteine protease (CP) activities and (ii) the appearance of new CP activities (RD21-like, SAG12-like, RD19-like, cathepsin-B, XBCP3-like and aleurain-like proteases) during senescence induced by N limitation. Compared to Samouraï, Ténor has a higher hormonal ratio ([salicylic acid] + [abscisic acid])/([cytokinins]) that promotes senescence, particularly under low N conditions, and this is correlated with the stronger protein degradation and serine/CP activities observed during senescence. Short statement: The improvement in N recycling during leaf senescence in a genotype of L. characterized by a high nitrogen remobilization efficiency is related to a high phytohormonal ratio ([salicylic acid] + [abscisic acid])/([cytokinins]) that promotes leaf senescence and is correlated with an increase or the induction of specific serine and cysteine protease activities

Neural processing of the reward value of pleasant odorants

International audiencePleasant odorants are represented in the posterior olfactory bulb (pOB) in mice. How does this hedonic information generate odor-motivated behaviors? Using optogenetics, we here report that stimulating the representation of pleasant odorants in a sensory structure, the pOB, can be rewarding, selfmotivating and is accompanied by ventral tegmental area activation. To explore the underlying neural circuitry downstream of the OB, we use 3D high-resolution imaging and optogenetics and determine that the pOB preferentially projects to the olfactory tubercle, whose increased activity is related to odorant attraction. We further show that attractive odorants act as reinforcers in dopamine-dependent place preference learning. Finally, we extend those findings to human, which exhibit place preference learning and an increase BOLD signal in the olfactory tubercle in response to attractive odorants. Thus, strong and persistent attraction induced by some odorants is due to a direct gateway from the pOB to the reward system