Síntesis verde de una nueva imina quiral y su complejo con Pd(II)

El objetivo de esta investigación fue sintetizar un nuevo complejo con Pd(II) a partir de la imina sintetizada con 2-piridilcarboxaldehído y la (S)-(-)-1-(1-naftil)-etilamina. La Química Verde consiste en el diseño, desarrollo e implementación de productos y procesos que reducen o eliminan el uso y generación de sustancias peligrosas para la salud humana y el medio ambiente. Uno de los más grandes desafíos para los químicos en la actualidad es el desarrollo de métodos sintéticos no convencionales que sean menos contaminantes, diseñar transformaciones químicas limpias. El método empleado para la síntesis fue Solvent-free, los rendimientos fueron altos, se comprobó la composición del producto a través de métodos espectroscópicos y las estructuras fueron confirmadas mediante rayos X. Ha ido creciendo el interés para encontrar mejores rutas sintéticas en la obtención de ligantes para coordinarlos con centros metálicos como en este caso con Pd(II).The aim of this search was the synthesis of a new Pd(II) complex from the imine previously synthesized derived from 2-pyridylcarboxaldehyde and (S)-(-)-1-(1-naphthyl) ethylamine. In this regard, Green Chemistry consists on the design, development and implementation of products and processes that reduce or eliminate the generation of dangerous chemicals for human health and environment. Nowadays, one of the biggest challenges in Chemistry is the development of non-pollutant non-conventional synthetic methods, with the aim to design clean chemical transformations. On the other hand, the interest to find better ways in the preparation of ligands and coordinate them with metallic centers, like in this cases Pd(II), has grown during the last years. The method used for this synthesis was the “Solvent-free” approach, the yields were high, the composition of the products was carried out by spectroscopic methods and the structures were fully confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies

Síntesis verde de nuevas iminas quirales halogenadas

El objetivo de esta investigación es la síntesis de iminas quirales también conocidas como bases de Schiff, utilizando el método “Solvent-free” de la Química Verde, lo cual permite desarrollar procesos que reducen o eliminan el uso y generación de sustancias peligrosas para la salud humana y el medio ambiente. Por otro lado, las iminas quirales muestran un comportamiento versátil de coordinación en la formación de complejos metálicos permitiendo la síntesis de un gran número de estructuras interesantes con aplicación potencial en las áreas de biología, catálisis, así como con propiedades térmicas, magnéticas y eléctricas. En este trabajo se reporta la síntesis de iminas quirales, a partir del 4-clorobenzaldehído y de aminas primarias aromáticas halogenadas, ópticamente activas: (R)-(+)-1-(4-fluorofenil) etilamina, (S)-(-)-1-(4-clorofenil)etilamina y (S)-(-)-1-(4) bromofenil)etilamina, en ausencia de disolvente. La estructura de las iminas se confirmó plenamente mediante estudios de difracción de rayos X.This search is about the synthesis of imines known as Schiff bases by using a Green Chemistry´s method: the “Solvent-free” approach, which allows to develop processes that reduce or eliminate the generation of dangerous chemicals for human health and environment. On the other hand, chiral imines display a versatile behavior in the coordination for metallic complexes, enabling the preparation of a wide range of interesting structures with potential applications in the fields of biology, catalysis, as well as with thermal, magnetic and electric properties. In this work we report the synthesis of new chiral imines starting from 4-chlorobenzaldehyde and optically active halogenated aromatic amines: (R)-(+)-1-(4- fluorophenyl)ethylamine, (S)-(-)-1-(4-chlorophenyl) ethylamine along with (S)-(-)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethylamine. The structure of the obtained imines was fully confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies

Eficacia y seguridad de la laserterapia en el tratamiento del dolor articular temporomandibular

Introduction: the most frequent and important symptom of the patients with temporomandibular disorders is the pain, which can be shown since a light sensitivity, until the extreme annoyances that make the patients look for professional help. The excellent analgesic and anti-inflammatory profits found with the use of the low power laser therapy, can offer a good option of the treatment in the acute phase of this disease.Aim: to evaluate the effectiveness and security of the lasertherapy in the treatment of the temporomandibular articular pain.Methods: it was performed an experimental, controlled, randomized, unicentric, type II clinical essay to 90 patients with temporomandibular articular pain in the Stomatological Specialty Clinic of Bayamo in 2009. There were formed three groups of patients taken at random. The conventional drug treatment was applied to the first group, the lasertherapy was applied to the second group and to the third group it was applied the combination of both treatments.Result: the lasertherapy was effective and safe in the treatment of the temporomandibular articular pain, without describing the adverse events in any patient of the study groups.Conclusion: the best results were obtained in the group where the laser radiation was combined with the drug treatment as 100% of the patients experienced lack of pain between the seventh and the ninth laser application, a result that was kept with the evolutions after one  and three months.Introducción: el síntoma más frecuente e importante de los pacientes con trastornos temporomandibulares es el dolor, el cual puede cursar desde una ligera sensibilidad, hasta molestias extremas que obligan a los pacientes a buscar ayuda profesional. Los excelentes beneficios analgésicos y antiinflamatorios encontrados con el uso de la terapia  láser de baja potencial, pueden brindar  una buena  opción de tratamiento en la fase aguda de este padecimiento.Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de la laserterapia en el tratamiento del dolor articular temporomandibular.Método: se realizó un estudio experimental tipo ensayo clínico, fase II, controlado, aleatorizado, unicéntrico y a ciegas por terceros en 90 pacientes con dolor articular temporomandibular en la Clínica de Especialidades Estomatológicas de Bayamo, 2009. Se constituyeron tres grupos de pacientes al azar. Al primer grupo se le aplicó tratamiento medicamentoso convencional, al segundo grupo en estudio laserterapia y al tercer grupo la combinación de ambos tratamientos.Resultados:la laserterapia resultó eficaz y segura en el tratamiento del dolor articular temporomandibular no describiéndose eventos adversos en ningún paciente de los grupos en estudio.Conclusiones: se obtuvieron los mejores resultados en el grupo donde se combinaron la radiación láser con el tratamiento medicamentoso pues el 100% de los pacientes experimentaron ausencia de dolor entre la séptima y la novena aplicación de láser, resultado que se mantuvo  al hacer evoluciones al mes y a los tres meses

Síntesis verde de tres nuevas iminas quirales a partir de los benzaldehídos orto halogenados (F,Cl,Br)

Se presenta la síntesis verde de tres nuevas iminas quirales a partir de 2- Fluorobenzaldehido, 2-Clorobenzaldehido y 2-Bromobenzaldehido, cada aldehído mencionado se hizo reaccionar con (S)-(-)-1-(1-Naftil) etilamina. Las tres reacciones se llevaron a cabo con el método de la química verde (Solvent–free) es decir en ausencia de disolvente, el cual nos ofrece varias ventajas: no hay medio de reacción para colectar, purificar y reciclar, los compuestos formados son a menudo suficientemente puros para no necesitar purificaciones excesivas, además estas reacciones sin disolventes generalmente se obtienen con altos rendimientos. Cada compuesto obtenido se caracterizó mediante los métodos espectroscópicos de rutina: IR, Resonancia Magnética Nuclear ₁H y ₁₃C, espectrometría de Masas. La estructura de las iminas se confirmó plenamente mediante estudios de difracción de rayos X. Además, las iminas quirales muestran un comportamiento versátil de coordinación en la formación de complejos metálicos.The Green synthesis of three new chiral imines derived from (S)-(-)-1-(1-naphtyl) ethylamine and 2-fluorobenzaldehyde, 2-chlorobenzaldehyde and 2- bromobenzaldehyde is reported. The reactions were carried out in absence of organic solvents which is a Green chemistry method that presents several advantages, such as shorter reaction times, minimum waste, higher yields, operational simplicity as well as reduction of thermal degradative byproducts along with cleaner work-up. The products were characterized by IR, 1H and 13C-NMR and mass spectroscopies. The crystal structure of the imines was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray studies. Likewise, the chiral imines presented a versatile coordination behavior in the formation of metal complexes

Síntesis verde de nueva imina quiral a partir del panisaldehído con ciclohexilamina y su complejo de Pd(II)

En este trabajo se reporta la síntesis de una nueva imina quiral y su complejo de paladio (II). Efectuando la condensación del p-anisaldehído y la (S)-(+)- ciclohexilamina. Las iminas son compuestos que presentan la estructura R2C=NR, y se forman mediante una reacción de condensación de un aldehído o cetona con una amina, también conocidas como Bases de Schiff. La síntesis se realiza utilizando principios de la Química Verde, el “Solvent-Free”. Presentan propiedades analgésicas, antiinflamatorias, antibacteriales y como agentes antifúngicos. Otra de sus aplicaciones es la de coordinarse con metales y lograr estructuras interesantes con aplicación biológica. Los productos fueron caracterizados mediante espectroscopía de resonancia magnética nuclear de 1H y ₁₃C, espectroscopía de Infrarrojo por Transformada de Fourier, espectrometría de masas, polarimetría. La estructura de los cristales obtenidos del complejo fue confirmada mediante difracción de rayos X.In this work we report the synthesis of a new chiral imine and its palladium (II) complex. Conducting the condensation of p-anisaldehyde and (S)-(+)- cyclohexylamine. Imines are compounds that have the structure R2C=NR, and are formed by a condensation reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with an amine, also known as Schiff's Bases. The synthesis is made using principles of Green Chemistry, the "Solvent-Free". They have properties such as analgesics, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal agents. Another of its applications is to coordinate with metals and achieve interesting structures with biological application. The products were characterized by ₁H and ₁₃C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. Mass spectrometry, polarimetry. The structure of the crystals obtained from the complex was confirmed by X-ray diffraction

Constraints on the structure and seasonal variations of Triton’s atmosphere from the 5 October 2017 stellar occultation and previous observations

J.M.O. acknowledges financial support from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and the European Social Fund (ESF) through the PhD grant SFRH/BD/131700/2017. The work leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Community's H2020 2014-2021 ERC grant Agreement nffi 669416 "Lucky Star". We thank S. Para who supported some travels to observe the 5 October 2017 occultation. T.B. was supported for this research by an appointment to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Post-Doctoral Program at the Ames Research Center administered by Universities Space Research Association (USRA) through a contract with NASA. We acknowledge useful exchanges with Mark Gurwell on the ALMA CO observations. This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium).Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. J.L.O., P.S.-S., N.M. and R.D. acknowledge financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award to the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709), they also acknowledge the financial support by the Spanish grant AYA-2017-84637-R and the Proyecto de Excelencia de la Junta de Andalucia J.A. 2012-FQM1776. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, under Grant Agreement no. 687378, as part of the project "Small Bodies Near and Far" (SBNAF). P.S.-S. acknowledges financial support by the Spanish grant AYA-RTI2018-098657-J-I00 "LEO-SBNAF". The work was partially based on observations made at the Laboratorio Nacional de Astrofisica (LNA), Itajuba-MG, Brazil. The following authors acknowledge the respective CNPq grants: F.B.-R. 309578/2017-5; R.V.-M. 304544/2017-5, 401903/2016-8; J.I.B.C. 308150/2016-3 and 305917/2019-6; M.A. 427700/20183, 310683/2017-3, 473002/2013-2. This study was financed in part by the Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior -Brasil (CAPES) -Finance Code 001 and the National Institute of Science and Technology of the e-Universe project (INCT do e-Universo, CNPq grant 465376/2014-2). G.B.R. acknowledges CAPES-FAPERJ/PAPDRJ grant E26/203.173/2016 and CAPES-PRINT/UNESP grant 88887.571156/2020-00, M.A. FAPERJ grant E26/111.488/2013 and A.R.G.Jr. FAPESP grant 2018/11239-8. B.E.M. thanks CNPq 150612/2020-6 and CAPES/Cofecub-394/2016-05 grants. Part of the photometric data used in this study were collected in the frame of the photometric observations with the robotic and remotely controlled telescope at the University of Athens Observatory (UOAO; Gazeas 2016). The 2.3 m Aristarchos telescope is operated on Helmos Observatory by the Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing of the National Observatory of Athens. Observations with the 2.3 m Aristarchos telescope were carried out under OPTICON programme. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730890. This material reflects only the authors views and the Commission is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. The 1. 2m Kryoneri telescope is operated by the Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing of the National Observatory of Athens. The Astronomical Observatory of the Autonomous Region of the Aosta Valley (OAVdA) is managed by the Fondazione Clement Fillietroz-ONLUS, which is supported by the Regional Government of the Aosta Valley, the Town Municipality of Nus and the "Unite des Communes valdotaines Mont-Emilius". The 0.81 m Main Telescope at the OAVdA was upgraded thanks to a Shoemaker NEO Grant 2013 from The Planetary Society. D.C. and J.M.C. acknowledge funds from a 2017 'Research and Education' grant from Fondazione CRT-Cassa di Risparmio di Torino. P.M. acknowledges support from the Portuguese Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia ref. PTDC/FISAST/29942/2017 through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE 2020 (ref. POCI010145 FEDER007672). F.J. acknowledges Jean Luc Plouvier for his help. S.J.F. and C.A. would like to thank the UCL student support observers: Helen Dai, Elise Darragh-Ford, Ross Dobson, Max Hipperson, Edward Kerr-Dineen, Isaac Langley, Emese Meder, Roman Gerasimov, Javier Sanjuan, and Manasvee Saraf. We are grateful to the CAHA, OSN and La Hita Observatory staffs. This research is partially based on observations collected at Centro Astronomico HispanoAleman (CAHA) at Calar Alto, operated jointly by Junta de Andalucia and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (IAA-CSIC). This research was also partially based on observation carried out at the Observatorio de Sierra Nevada (OSN) operated by Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (CSIC). This article is also based on observations made with the Liverpool Telescope operated on the island of La Palma by Liverpool John Moores University in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias with financial support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council. Partially based on observations made with the Tx40 and Excalibur telescopes at the Observatorio Astrofisico de Javalambre in Teruel, a Spanish Infraestructura Cientifico-Tecnica Singular (ICTS) owned, managed and operated by the Centro de Estudios de Fisica del Cosmos de Aragon (CEFCA). Tx40 and Excalibur are funded with the Fondos de Inversiones de Teruel (FITE). A.R.R. would like to thank Gustavo Roman for the mechanical adaptation of the camera to the telescope to allow for the observation to be recorded. R.H., J.F.R., S.P.H. and A.S.L. have been supported by the Spanish projects AYA2015-65041P and PID2019-109467GB-100 (MINECO/FEDER, UE) and Grupos Gobierno Vasco IT1366-19. Our great thanks to Omar Hila and their collaborators in Atlas Golf Marrakech Observatory for providing access to the T60cm telescope. TRAPPIST is a project funded by the Belgian Fonds (National) de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S.-FNRS) under grant PDR T.0120.21. TRAPPIST-North is a project funded by the University of Liege, and performed in collaboration with Cadi Ayyad University of Marrakesh. E.J. is a FNRS Senior Research Associate.Context. A stellar occultation by Neptune's main satellite, Triton, was observed on 5 October 2017 from Europe, North Africa, and the USA. We derived 90 light curves from this event, 42 of which yielded a central flash detection. Aims. We aimed at constraining Triton's atmospheric structure and the seasonal variations of its atmospheric pressure since the Voyager 2 epoch (1989). We also derived the shape of the lower atmosphere from central flash analysis. Methods. We used Abel inversions and direct ray-tracing code to provide the density, pressure, and temperature profiles in the altitude range similar to 8 km to similar to 190 km, corresponding to pressure levels from 9 mu bar down to a few nanobars. Results. (i) A pressure of 1.18 +/- 0.03 mu bar is found at a reference radius of 1400 km (47 km altitude). (ii) A new analysis of the Voyager 2 radio science occultation shows that this is consistent with an extrapolation of pressure down to the surface pressure obtained in 1989. (iii) A survey of occultations obtained between 1989 and 2017 suggests that an enhancement in surface pressure as reported during the 1990s might be real, but debatable, due to very few high S/N light curves and data accessible for reanalysis. The volatile transport model analysed supports a moderate increase in surface pressure, with a maximum value around 2005-2015 no higher than 23 mu bar. The pressures observed in 1995-1997 and 2017 appear mutually inconsistent with the volatile transport model presented here. (iv) The central flash structure does not show evidence of an atmospheric distortion. We find an upper limit of 0.0011 for the apparent oblateness of the atmosphere near the 8 km altitude.Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology SFRH/BD/131700/2017European Social Fund (ESF) SFRH/BD/131700/2017European Research Council under the European Community's H2020 2014-2021 ERC grant 669416Spanish Government SEV-2017-0709 AYA-2017-84637-R AYA-RTI2018-098657-J-I00Junta de Andalucia 2012-FQM1776European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, as part of the project "Small Bodies Near and Far" (SBNAF) 687378Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ)Fundacao de Apoio a Pesquisa do Distrito Federal (FAPDF) 309578/2017-5 304544/2017-5 401903/2016-8 308150/2016-3 305917/2019-6 427700/2018-3 310683/2017-3 473002/2013-2Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES) 001Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ) 465376/2014-2 CAPES-FAPERJ/PAPDRJ grant E26/203.173/2016 CAPES-PRINT/UNESP grant 88887.571156/2020-00Fundacao Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio De Janeiro (FAPERJ) E26/111.488/2013Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) 2018/11239-8Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ) 150612/2020-6European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme 730890Regional Government of the Aosta ValleyTown Municipality of NusUnite des Communes valdotaines Mont-EmiliusPlanetary SocietyFondazione CRT-Cassa di Risparmio di TorinoPortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology PTDC/FISAST/29942/2017FEDER through COMPETE 2020 POCI010145 FEDER007672UK Research & Innovation (UKRI)Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC)Fondos de Inversiones de Teruel (FITE)Spanish Government AYA2015-65041P PID2019-109467GB-100Grupos Gobierno Vasco IT1366-19Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS PDR T.0120.21University of LiegeCAPES/Cofecub-394/2016-0

Supplementary Material: Diagnostic Tests for Differentiation between Cushing´s Syndrome and Non-Neoplastic Hypercortisolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Context: Differential diagnosis between Cushing’s syndrome (CS) due to neoplastic endogenous hypercortisolism and non-neoplastic hypercortisolism (NNH, pseudo-Cushing’s syndrome) is crucial. Due to worldwide corticotropin-releasing hormone test CRH shortage, accuracy of alternative tests to Dexamethasone (Dex)-CRH is clearly needed. Objective: Asses the diagnostic accuracy of Dex-CRH, desmopressin stimulation test, midnight serum cortisol (MSC), and late-night salivary cortisol (LNSC) levels to distinguish CS from NNH. Methods: Articles through March 2022 were identified from Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PubMed. All steps through the systematic review were performed independently and in duplicate and strictly adhered to the updated PRISMA-DTA checklist. Data Synthesis: A total of 26 articles (2059 patients) were included. Dex-CRH had a pooled sensitivity and specificity of 91% (95%CI 87-94%; I2 0%) and 82% (73-88%; I2 50%), desmopressin test 87% (81-91%; I2 34%) and 91% (85-94%; I2 15%), MSC 91% (85-94%; I2 65%) and 80% (70-88%; I2 70%), and LNSC 78% (66-86%; I2 54%) and 88% (83-92%; I2 36%), respectively. SROC areas under the curve were Dex-CRH 0.949, desmopressin test 0.941, MSC 0.939, and LNSC 0.940 without visual or statistical significance. The overall risk of studies bias was moderate. Conclusion: Dex-CRH, the desmopressin stimulation test, and MSC have similar diagnostic accuracy, with Dex-CRH and MSC having slightly higher sensitivity, and the desmopressin test being more specific. LNSC was the least accurate, probably due to high heterogeneity, intrinsic variability, different assays, and lack of consistent reported cutoffs. Our results should increase clinicians’ confidence when deciding which test to perform when facing this challenging differential diagnosis. Key Words: Cushing’s syndrome, neoplastic endogenous hypercortisolism, non-neoplastic hypercortisolism, pseudoCushing’s, dexamethasone CRH test, desmopressin test, salivary cortisol, midnight serum cortiso

The large trans-Neptunian object 2002 TC302 from combined stellar occultation, photometry, and astrometry data

Context. Deriving physical properties of trans-Neptunian objects is important for the understanding of our Solar System. This requires observational efforts and the development of techniques suitable for these studies. Aims. Our aim is to characterize the large trans-Neptunian object (TNO) 2002 TC302. Methods. Stellar occultations offer unique opportunities to determine key physical properties of TNOs. On 28 January 2018, 2002 TC302 occulted a mv ~ 15.3 star with designation 593-005847 in the UCAC4 stellar catalog, corresponding to Gaia source 130957813463146112. Twelve positive occultation chords were obtained from Italy, France, Slovenia, and Switzerland. Also, four negative detections were obtained near the north and south limbs. This represents the best observed stellar occultation by a TNO other than Pluto in terms of the number of chords published thus far. From the 12 chords, an accurate elliptical fit to the instantaneous projection of the body can be obtained that is compatible with the near misses. Results. The resulting ellipse has major and minor axes of 543 ± 18 km and 460 ± 11 km, respectively, with a position angle of 3 ± 1 degrees for the minor axis. This information, combined with rotational light curves obtained with the 1.5 m telescope at Sierra Nevada Observatory and the 1.23 m telescope at Calar Alto observatory, allows us to derive possible three-dimensional shapes and density estimations for the body based on hydrostatic equilibrium assumptions. The effective diameter in equivalent area is around 84 km smaller than the radiometrically derived diameter using thermal data from Herschel and Spitzer Space Telescopes. This might indicate the existence of an unresolved satellite of up to ~300 km in diameter, which is required to account for all the thermal flux, although the occultation and thermal diameters are compatible within their error bars given the considerable uncertainty of the thermal results. The existence of a potential satellite also appears to be consistent with other ground-based data presented here. From the effective occultation diameter combined with absolute magnitude measurements we derive a geometric albedo of 0.147 ± 0.005, which would be somewhat smaller if 2002 TC302 has a satellite. The best occultation light curves do not show any signs of ring features or any signatures of a global atmosphere.Funding from Spanish projects AYA2014-56637-C2-1-P, AYA2017-89637-R, from FEDER, and Proyecto de Excelencia de la Junta de Andalucía 2012-FQM1776 is acknowledged. We would like to acknowledge financial support by the Spanish grant AYA-RTI2018-098657-JI00 “LEO-SBNAF” (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE) and the financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV- 2017-0709). Part of the research received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, under grant agreement no. 687378 and from the ERC programme under Grant Agreement no. 669416 Lucky Star. The following authors acknowledge the respective CNPq grants: FB-R 309578/2017-5; RV-M 304544/2017-5, 401903/2016-8; J.I.B.C. 308150/2016-3; MA 427700/2018-3, 310683/2017-3, 473002/2013-2. This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiaçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001 and the National Institute of Science and Technology of the e-Universe project (INCT do e-Universo, CNPq grant 465376/2014-2). GBR acknowledges CAPES-FAPERJ/PAPDRJ grant E26/203.173/2016, MA FAPERJ grant E-26/111.488/2013 and ARGJr FAPESP grant 2018/11239-8. E.F.-V. acknowledges support from the 2017 Preeminent Postdoctoral Program (P3) at UCF. C.K., R.S., A.F-T., and G.M. have been supported by the K-125015 and GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00003 grants of the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH), Hungary. G.M. was also supported by the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) grant PD-128 360. R.K. and T.P. were supported by the VEGA 2/0031/18 grant

Voluntariado en Acción Catálogo de iniciativas de voluntariado Centros de Educación para el Desarrollo.

Este catálogo compila todas las iniciativas de voluntariado que enmarcan y orientan las acciones de más de dos mil voluntarios anuales que aportan con su tiempo y conocimiento al fortalecimiento de las comunidades, sus organizaciones sociales y comunitarias que trabajan decididamente para construir una mejor sociedad. Durante los últimos tres años hemos apostado por el fortalecimiento de esta estrategia generando nuevas modalidades, diversos escenarios para el desarrollo del voluntariado, capacitando a los 19 líderes y los voluntarios en las sedes, siempre bajo la profunda convicción de que el mundo se puede cambiar cuando mucha gente pequeña, en lugares pequeños, haciendo cosas pequeñas, logran tocar la vida de las personas que más lo necesitan