Metodología para seleccionar tecnologías Web 2.0 para la docencia

Actualmente existe un gran auge en el uso y difusión de las herramientas Web 2.0 tanto en el contexto profesional como en el personal. Su aplicación al ámbito de la docencia, tal y como sugieren algunos estudios, puede tener numerosas ventajas. Sin embargo, el abanico de herramientas Web 2.0 es muy amplio y por tanto sería de utilidad disponer de una metodología que pudiera guiar al docente a la hora de elegir la tecnología más adecuada a su proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje según los objetivos perseguidos, así como en su implantación y posterior evaluación de los resultados alcanzados. En este artículo, se presenta una metodología de ayuda a los docentes de cualquier área de conocimiento para la selección e implantación de la tecnología Web 2.0 que más se adapte a un determinado proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en base a criterios docentes y técnicos. Esta metodología es el resultado de un proyecto de mejora e innovación educativa en el cual se han llevado a cabo diversas experiencias docentes sobre la aplicación de herramientas Web 2.0 en asignaturas de distintas titulaciones universitarias.SUMMARY -- The use and dissemination of Web 2.0 tools in professional and personal context is becoming more popular every day. Its application to teaching, as it is suggested by some studies, may have numerous advantages. However, the range of Web 2.0 tools is very broad and it would therefore be useful to have a methodology that guide the teacher in choosing the most appropriate technology to their teaching-learning process, taking into account some final objectives, as well as implementing and evaluating the achieved results. This paper presents a methodology to assist teachers from any area of knowledge in the selection of the Web 2.0 technology that best suits a particular teaching-learning process. This selection is based on some educational and technical criteria. The presented methodology is the result of an educational innovation and improvement project in which various teaching experiences based on the use of Web 2.0 tools have been carried out in different subjects of science degrees.Peer Reviewe

Preservation of underground microbial diversity in ancient subsurface deposits (>6 ma) of the rio tinto basement

The drilling of the Rio Tinto basement has provided evidence of an underground microbial community primarily sustained by the Fe and S metabolism through the biooxidation of pyrite orebodies. Although the gossan is the microbial activity product, which dates back to the Oligocene (25 Ma), no molecular evidence of such activity in the past has been reported yet. A Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) molecular analysis of a subsurface sample in the Pe\uf1a de Hierro basement has provided novel data of the ancient underground microbial community. It shows that the microbial remains are preserved in a mineral matrix composed of laminated Fe-oxysulfates and K-and Na-bearing sulfates alternating with secondary silica. In such a mineral substrate, the biomolecule traces are found in five different microstructure associations, (1) <15 micron-sized nodular microstructures composed of POn(2≤n≤4)−, (2) <30 micron-size mi-cronodules containing fatty acids, acylglycerides, and alkanol chains, (3) <20 micro-sized nodules containing NOn −(2≤n≤3) ions, (4) 40-micron size nodules with NH4+ and traces of peptides, and (5) >200-micron thick layer with N-bearing adducts, and sphingolipid and/or peptide traces. It suggests the mineralization of at least five microbial preserved entities with different metabolic ca-pabilities, including: (1) Acidiphilium/Tessaracoccus-like phosphate mineralizers, (2) microbial patches preserving phosphate-free acylglycerides bacteria, (3) nitrogen oxidizing bacteria (e.g., Acidovorax sp.), (4) traces of heterotrophic ammonifying bacteria, and (5) sphingolipid bearing bacteria (e.g., Sphin-gomonadales, and δ-Proteobacteria) and/or mineralized biofilms. The primary biooxidation process acted as a preservation mechanism to release the inorganic ions that ultimately mineralized the microbial structures

In-situ Mössbauer Spectroscopy with MIMOS II at Rio Tinto, Spain

The Rio Tinto, located in southwest Spain, exhibits a nearly constant, acidic pHvalue along its course. Due to the formation of sulfate minerals, Rio Tinto is considered a potential analogue site for sulfate-rich regions on Mars, in particular at the landing site of the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity, where the ferric sulfate mineral jarosite was identified with Opportunity's Mössbauer spectrometer. Primary and secondary mineralogy was investigated in situ with portable Raman and Mössbauer spectrometers at four different Rio Tinto sampling sites. The two techniques analyse different sample portions due to their specific field of view and sampling depth and provide complementary mineralogical information

Mossbauer mineralogy of rock, soil, and dust at Meridiani Planum, Mars: Opportunity's journey across sulfate-rich outcrop, basaltic sand and dust, and hematite lag deposits

The Mössbauer (MB) spectrometer on Opportunity measured the Fe oxidation state, identified Fe-bearing phases, and measured relative abundances of Fe among those phases at Meridiani Planum, Mars. Eight Fe-bearing phases were identified: jarosite (K,Na,H3O)(Fe,Al)(OH)6(SO4)2, hematite, olivine, pyroxene, magnetite, nanophase ferric oxides (npOx), an unassigned ferric phase, and metallic Fe (kamacite). Burns Formation outcrop rocks consist of hematite-rich spherules dispersed throughout S-rich rock that has nearly constant proportions of Fe3+ from jarosite, hematite, and npOx (29%, 36%, and 20% of total Fe). The high oxidation state of the S-rich rock (Fe3+/FeT ~ 0.9) implies that S is present as the sulfate anion. Jarosite is mineralogical evidence for aqueous processes under acid-sulfate conditions because it has structural hydroxide and sulfate and it forms at low pH. Hematite-rich spherules, eroded from the outcrop, and their fragments are concentrated as hematite-rich soils (lag deposits) on ripple crests (up to 68% of total Fe from hematite). Olivine, pyroxene, and magnetite are primarily associated with basaltic soils and are present as thin and locally discontinuous cover over outcrop rocks, commonly forming aeolian bedforms. Basaltic soils are more reduced (Fe3+/FeT ~ 0.2–0.4), with the fine-grained and bright aeolian deposits being the most oxidized. Average proportions of total Fe from olivine, pyroxene, npOx, magnetite, and hematite are 33%, 38%, 18%, 6%, and 4%, respectively. TheMB parameters of outcrop npOx and basaltic-soil npOx are different, but it is not possible to infer mineralogical information beyond octahedrally coordinated Fe3+. Basaltic soils at Meridiani Planum and Gusev crater have similar Fe-mineralogical compositions.Additonal co-authors: P Gütlich, E Kankeleit, T McCoy, DW Mittlefehldt, F Renz, ME Schmidt, B Zubkov, SW Squyres, RE Arvidso

Seeking Signs of Life on Mars: the Importance of Sedimentary Suites as Part of a Mars Sample Return Campaign

Seeking the signs of life on Mars is often considered the "first among equal" objectives for any potential Mars Sample Return (MSR) campaign. Among the geological settings considered to have the greatest potential for recording evidence of ancient life or its pre-biotic chemistry on Mars are lacustrine (and marine, if ever present) sedimentary depositional environments. This potential, and the possibility of returning samples that could meaningfully address this objective, have been greatly enhanced by investigations of an ancient redox stratified lake system in Gale crater by the Curiosity rover

Seeking Signs of Life on Mars: A Strategy for Selecting and Analyzing Returned Samples from Hydrothermal Deposits

Highly promising locales for biosignature prospecting on Mars are ancient hydrothermal deposits, formed by the interaction of surface water with heat from volcanism or impacts. On Earth, they occur throughout the geological record (to at least approx. 3.5 Ga), preserving robust mineralogical, textural and compositional evidence of thermophilic microbial activity. Hydrothermal systems were likely present early in Mars' history, including at two of the three finalist candidate landing sites for M2020, Columbia Hills and NE Syrtis Major. Hydrothermal environments on Earth's surface are varied, constituting subaerial hot spring aprons, mounds and fumaroles; shallow to deep-sea hydrothermal vents (black and white smokers); and vent mounds and hot-spring discharges in lacustrine and fluvial settings. Biological information can be preserved by rapid, spring-sourced mineral precipitation, but also could be altered or destroyed by postdepositional events. Thus, field observations need to be followed by detailed laboratory analysis to verify potential biosignatures. See Attachmen

An efficient continuous level of detail model for foliage

Outdoor scenes require vegetation to make them look realistic. Current hardware cannot afford real-time rendering of these scenes because of the large number of polygons. Multiresolution modelling has been successfully presented as a solution to the problem of efficient manipulation of highly detailed polygonal surfaces. This article describes a new continuous multiresolution hardware-oriented model that can represent tree foliage with different levels of detail. The multiresolution model presented in this paper, Level of Detail Foliage, takes advantage of the programmable rendering pipelines nowadays available in most video cards. The geometry of the foliage is divided into a number of clusters, in some of which the detail can change while the rest of the clusters remain unaltered. This division of the foliage remarkably diminishes the number of vertices sent to the graphics system because only the information of the changed clusters are updated. The independent clusters condition a data structure that makes the time required for visualisation of the foliage more efficient. Here we present the data structure and the retrieval algorithms, which favour the extraction of an appropriate level of detail for rendering

View-dependent multiresolution model for foliage

Real-time rendering of vegetation is one of the most important challenges in outdoor scenes. This is due to the vast amount of polygons that are used to model vegetable species. Multiresolution modeling has been successfully presented as a solution to the problem of efficient manipulation of highly detailed polygonal surfaces. In order to construct a multiresolution model, a simplification method must be used. The previously introduced Foliage Simplification Algorithm, FSA, obtains different approximations of a tree model. This automatic simplification method diminishes the number of polygons that form the crown while maintaining its leafy appearance. In this paper a multiresolution model for trees based on this simplification algorithm is presented. Its distinctive property is that the unit of information managed by this scheme is the leaf, four vertices determining two triangles. This characteristic allows us an efficient manipulation of the results obtained by FSA. Our multiresolution representation provides a wide, virtually continuous, range of different approximations that represent the original tree. The main property of this scheme is that trees can be represented with variable resolution: some regions in more detail while the rest is represented in less detail. Here we present the data structures and the traversing algorithms, which favor the extraction of an appropriate level of detail for rendering