Los procesos de modernización en Sarajevo. La incierta dirección de la flecha del tiempo

This article presents a first analysis on the different processes of the Urban modernization in the study case of Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The authors analize changes and continuities in the local history, as a time passing, discussing in parallel the own sense of time and its possible direction. The study is framed on the field of the multiculturality, its advantatges and inconvenients, that become specially relevant in the Sarajevo case.Este artículo presenta una reflexión acerca de los procesos que conlleva la llamada modernización en el caso de la capital de Bosnia Herzegovina, la ciudad de Sarajevo. Se analizan los cambios y continuidades de la ciudad a lo largo de la historia, como paso del tiempo, a la vez que se reflexiona sobre el propio sentido del tiempo y sus posibles direcciones. Todo ello se enmarca dentro de un estudio de las características, ventajas e inconvenientes de la multiculturalidad, que distinguen especialmente el caso de estudio

Interiorização da pós-graduação em planejamento urbano e regional na Amazônia: a trajetória do PPGPAM

The Graduate Program in Planning and Regional and Urban Development in the Amazon (PPGPAM) was approved by CAPES in december 2018 and is currently one of the two graduate programs in the area of concentration of Urban and Regional Planning and Demography (PLURD) in the interior of the Amazon. The internalization of the PPGPAM in the Amazon, located in Marabá, Pará, strengthens the movement of deconcentration of programs in the South and Southeast, and state capitals, but at the same time presents challenges in a context of contingency of budgetary resources from the federal government to federal universities. The purpose of this article is to present the trajectory of PPGPAM in two analytical movements: the first is the composition of the program structure, delimited by the area of concentration, lines of research and compulsory subjects; the second is the research agendas formulated by the professors of the mentioned program, from which they present results on the Southeast of Pará. The results refer to the process of formation and implementation of the PPGPAM through a research agenda among professors, in territories of deep socioeconomic asymmetries, in which it is fulfilling its objective of training professionals, whose function in society is to re-signify key themes for the interpretation of problems and phenomena of territorial inequalities in Southeast Pará. Keywords: Unifesspa. Urban and regional planning. Deconcentration. Territory. Research agendas.El Programa de Posgrado en Planificación y Desarrollo Regional y Urbano en la Amazonía (PPGPAM) fue aprobado por la CAPES en diciembre de 2018 y actualmente es uno de los dos programas de posgrado en el área de concentración de Planificación Urbana y Regional y Demografía (PLURD) en el interior de la Amazonía. La internalización del PPGPAM en la Amazonía, ubicada en Marabá, Pará, fortalece el movimiento de desconcentración de programas en el Sur y Sudeste, y capitales de los estados, pero al mismo tiempo presenta desafíos en un contexto de contingencia de recursos presupuestarios del gobierno federal. gobierno a las universidades federales. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar la trayectoria del PPGPAM en dos movimientos analíticos: el primero es la composición de la estructura del programa, delimitada por el área de concentración, líneas de investigación y asignaturas obligatorias; el segundo son las agendas de investigación formuladas por los profesores del mencionado programa, a partir de las cuales presentan resultados sobre el Sudeste de Pará. Los resultados cotejados se refieren al proceso de formación e implementación del PPGPAM a través de una agenda de investigación entre docentes, en territorios de profundas asimetrías socioeconómicas, en la que está cumpliendo su objetivo de formar profesionales, cuyo papel en la sociedad es resignificar claves temas para la interpretación de los problemas y fenómenos de las desigualdades territoriales en el Sudeste de Pará. Palavras clave: Unifesspa. Planificación urbana y regional. Desconcentración; Territorio. Agendas de investigación.O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Regional e Urbano na Amazônia (PPGPAM) foi aprovado pela CAPES em dezembro de 2018 e compõe atualmente um dos dois programas de pós-graduação da área de concentração de Planejamento Urbano e Regional e Demografia (PLURD) no interior da Amazônia. A interiorização do PPGPAM na Amazônia, localizado em Marabá no Pará, fortalece o movimento de desconcentração de programas do Sul e Sudeste, e capitais de estados, mas concomitantemente apresenta desafios em um contexto de contingenciamento de recursos orçamentários do governo federal às universidades federais. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar a trajetória do PPGPAM em dois movimentos analíticos: o primeiro é a composição da estrutura do programa, delimitado pela área de concentração, linhas de pesquisas e disciplinas obrigatórias; o segundo são as agendas de pesquisa formuladas pelos docentes do referido programa, dos quais apresentam resultados sobre o Sudeste do Pará.  Os resultados cotejados foram referentes ao processo de formação e implementação do PPGPAM por intermédio de uma agenda de pesquisa entre docentes, em territórios de profundas assimetrias socioeconômicos, no qual está cumprindo com o seu objetivo de formação de profissionais, cujo a função na sociedade seja a de ressignificar temas chaves para interpretação das problemáticas e fenômenos das desigualdades territoriais no Sudeste do Pará. Palavras-chave: Unifesspa. Planejamento urbano e regional. Desconcentração. Território. Agendas de pesquisa

Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial

Background: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists differ in chemical structure, duration of action, and in their effects on clinical outcomes. The cardiovascular effects of once-weekly albiglutide in type 2 diabetes are unknown. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of albiglutide in preventing cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Methods: We did a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 610 sites across 28 countries. We randomly assigned patients aged 40 years and older with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (at a 1:1 ratio) to groups that either received a subcutaneous injection of albiglutide (30–50 mg, based on glycaemic response and tolerability) or of a matched volume of placebo once a week, in addition to their standard care. Investigators used an interactive voice or web response system to obtain treatment assignment, and patients and all study investigators were masked to their treatment allocation. We hypothesised that albiglutide would be non-inferior to placebo for the primary outcome of the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, which was assessed in the intention-to-treat population. If non-inferiority was confirmed by an upper limit of the 95% CI for a hazard ratio of less than 1·30, closed testing for superiority was prespecified. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02465515. Findings: Patients were screened between July 1, 2015, and Nov 24, 2016. 10 793 patients were screened and 9463 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to groups: 4731 patients were assigned to receive albiglutide and 4732 patients to receive placebo. On Nov 8, 2017, it was determined that 611 primary endpoints and a median follow-up of at least 1·5 years had accrued, and participants returned for a final visit and discontinuation from study treatment; the last patient visit was on March 12, 2018. These 9463 patients, the intention-to-treat population, were evaluated for a median duration of 1·6 years and were assessed for the primary outcome. The primary composite outcome occurred in 338 (7%) of 4731 patients at an incidence rate of 4·6 events per 100 person-years in the albiglutide group and in 428 (9%) of 4732 patients at an incidence rate of 5·9 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·78, 95% CI 0·68–0·90), which indicated that albiglutide was superior to placebo (p<0·0001 for non-inferiority; p=0·0006 for superiority). The incidence of acute pancreatitis (ten patients in the albiglutide group and seven patients in the placebo group), pancreatic cancer (six patients in the albiglutide group and five patients in the placebo group), medullary thyroid carcinoma (zero patients in both groups), and other serious adverse events did not differ between the two groups. There were three (<1%) deaths in the placebo group that were assessed by investigators, who were masked to study drug assignment, to be treatment-related and two (<1%) deaths in the albiglutide group. Interpretation: In patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, albiglutide was superior to placebo with respect to major adverse cardiovascular events. Evidence-based glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists should therefore be considered as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Funding: GlaxoSmithKline

O PATRIMÔNIO COMERCIAL, ENTRE O NEGÓCIOS E A PROTEÇÃO. O CASO DO PATRIMÔNIO COMERCIAL EM BARCELONA

Urban retail has a very small representation in the cultural heritage of the cities despite being one of the most antique and large urban activities. This article explores some of the causes of such phenomenon and also offers examples of an opposite situation. In the same way, this article looks into explaining how the changes in the concept of heritage has caused the acceptance of the term “small heritage” among which the conception of retail is. However, there are just a few examples of surviving establishments and public policy that protects historic retail. The case of Barcelona shows a specific evolution of strategies to protect urban retail that goes from preserving landscape elements to a more recent one that defends this kind of facilities. This article also wants to be a claim that urban retail, despite its particular characteristics, can and should be recognized as the city’s cultural heritage.El comercio urbano a pesar de ser una de las actividades urbanas más antiguas y más numerosas tiene una representación dentro del patrimonio cultural de las ciudades muy reducido. En este artículo se exploran algunas de las causas que han ayudado a que esto suceda, así como algunos ejemplos de lo contrario. De la misma forma, se explora cómo los cambios en las concepciones de patrimonio han permitido el reconocimiento del patrimonio “menor”, entre el cual se encontraría el comercio. No obstante, los ejemplos son escasos, tanto de establecimientos supervivientes como de políticas públicas de protección del comercio histórico. El caso de Barcelona muestra una evolución concreta de estrategias en la protección del comercio urbano que va de la protección de los elementos del paisaje a otra más reciente que aboga por la protección de los establecimientos. El artículo también quiere ser una reivindicación de que el comercio, a pesar de sus características particulares puede y debe ser reconocido como patrimonio cultural de la ciudad.O comércio urbano, apesar de ser uma das atividades urbanas mais antigas e numerosas, tem uma representação muito limitada no património cultural das cidades. Este artigo explora algumas das causas que ajudaram a que isso acontecesse, bem como alguns exemplos em contrário. Da mesma forma, explora como as mudanças nas concepções de patrimônio têm permitido o reconhecimento de patrimônios “menores”, o que inclui o comércio. No entanto, são escassos os exemplos, tanto de estabelecimentos sobreviventes quanto de políticas públicas de proteção ao comércio histórico. O caso de Barcelona mostra uma evolução concreta de estratégias na proteção do comércio urbano que vai desde a proteção dos elementos da paisagem até uma mais recente que preconiza a proteção dos estabelecimentos. O artigo também quer ser uma afirmação de que o comércio, apesar de suas características particulares, pode e deve ser reconhecido como patrimônio cultural da cidade

Aplicación de la técnica dea (data envelopment analysis) en la determinación de eficiencia de centros de costos de producción.

This article appears the development of the technique DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis), that uses as fund to the Operations Research and that permits to compare the relative efficiencies of the units of decision of the business, taking in bill for its calculation only the data originating from each unit. With the application of this technique to a real case, it appears how it allows to identify the efficient and inefficient units and to determine what variables (supplies - inputs and products - outputs) are affecting the efficiency, and from the "benchmarking" (to identify the best procedures) to fix goals or aims to the found like inefficient units.En este artículo se presenta el desarrollo de la técnica DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis - Análisis Envolvente de Datos), que usa como fondo a la Investigación de Operaciones y que permite comparar las eficiencias relativas de las unidades de decisión de la empresa, tomando en cuenta para su cálculo únicamente los datos provenientes de cada unidad. Con la aplicación de esta técnica a un caso real, se muestra la manera cómo la Técnica permite identificar las unidades eficientes e ineficientes y determinar qué variables (insumos � inputs y productos � outputs) están afectando la eficiencia, y a partir del �benchmarking� (identificar los mejores procedimientos) fijar metas u objetivos a las unidades encontradas como ineficientes

A natureza e a região na Amazônia: zoneamento ecológico-econômico e políticas de desenvolvimento regional

O objetivo é compreender a natureza e a região na Amazônia, discutindo as possibilidades e limites do zoneamento ecológico-econômico e das políticas de desenvolvimento regional. A partir de uma interpretação das relações espaço-tempo na Amazônia, desenvolvendo narrativas e representações da época e debatendo análises científicas mais recentes, busca-se pensar as alternativas e implicações colocadas tanto na perspectiva da problemática ambiental quanto no sentido da questão regional, que permitam minimamente mitigar as desigualdades sociais, econômicas e culturais que persistem e marcam profundamente o trópico úmido.The aim is to understand nature and region in the Amazon, discussing the possibilities and limits of ecological-economic zoning and regional development policies. From an interpretation of space-time relations in the Amazon, developing narratives and representations of the time and debating more recent scientific analyzes, it is sought to think about the alternatives and the implications put in the perspective of the environmental problematic about sense of the regional question, that minimally mitigate the social, economic and cultural inequalities that persist and deeply mark the humid tropics.L’objectif est de comprendre la nature et la région amazonienne, en discutant les possibilités et les limites des politiques de zonage écologique et économique et de développement régional. En se basant sur une interprétation des relations espace-temps en Amazonie, en développant des récits et des représentations du temps et en discutant d'analyses scientifiques plus récentes, il est demandé de réfléchir aux alternatives et aux implications posées à la fois du point de vue du problème environnemental et de la question régionale minimiser les inégalités sociales, économiques et culturelles qui persistent et marquent profondément les tropiques humides