THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WOMEN’S EDUCATION AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

The main purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between Women’s Education in primary, secondary and higher education and human development level. This relationship is studied in three groups of countries with high, medium and low human development during the period 2000-2009. The results, based on panel data model estimates show that in countries with high human development, higher educated women have more effective role in human development index. However, in countries with medium human development, secondary education of women has led to increased human development index. In countries with low human development level, all levels of education are conductive to improve the level of human development

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WOMEN’S EDUCATION AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

The main purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between Women’s Education in primary, secondary and higher education and human development level. This relationship is studied in three groups of countries with high, medium and low human development during the period 2000-2009. The results, based on panel data model estimates show that in countries with high human development, higher educated women have more effective role in human development index. However, in countries with medium human development, secondary education of women has led to increased human development index. In countries with low human development level, all levels of education are conductive to improve the level of human development

Time-Varying Univariate and Bivariate Frequency Analysis of Nonstationary Extreme Sea Level for New York City

Bivariate frequency analysis is an emerging method for the assessment of compound floods, especially in coastal regions. Changing climate, which usually leads to changes in characteristics of extreme hydrometeorological phenomena, makes the application of nonstationary methods more critical. In this research, a methodology is developed to apply frequency analysis on extreme sea level using physically-based hydroclimatic variables as covariates based on univariate Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) as the probability distribution function and copula methods. The results show that for extreme sea level, the location parameter of marginal distribution is directly related to the covariate variable of maximum temperature. For precipitation, the scale parameter is related to the covariate variable of minimum temperature, and the shape parameter is time-dependent. The univariate return periods of hurricanes Sandy and Irene are estimated at 85 and 12 years in nonstationary GEV distribution, respectively, while for stationary GEV distribution they are estimated at 1200 and 25 years, and in the bivariate frequency analysis of water level and precipitation, the normal copula function has more flexibility compared to other competitors. Using time-varying copula, the bivariate return periods of Hurricanes Sandy and Irene are 109 years and 136 years, respectively. The results confirm the importance of incorporating rainfall and extreme sea level in coastal flood frequency analysis. Although the proposed methodology can be applied to other hydro-climatological variables, the findings of this research suggest the necessity of considering nonstationarity in the analysis of extreme hydrologic events

A Comparative Study of the Nature of Ransom and Wise from the Perspective of Feyz Kashani and Imam Khomeini

The nature of ransom and the issue of guaranteeing wisdom is one of the important issues in jurisprudence and law; various views have been expressed about it so far. The connection between the two goes back to the nature of ransom; if we consider ransom as a mere punishment, it is in conflict with the principle of personal punishment but if we consider the ransom as compensation, or consider it dual in nature, there will be no conflict between this rule and the principle. In this article, an attempt has been made to the nature of ransom and wisdom should be examined from the perspective of Feyz Kashani and Imam Khomeini, the basic question that arises in this regard is that; how can the views of Feyz Kashani and Imam Khomeini regarding the nature of ransom and wisdom be evaluated? The present article is an analytical description and has used the library method to examine the question. The results of the article indicate that; from the point of view of Feyz Kashani and also Imam Khomeini, ransom has a dual nature; because ransom, as an independent legal entity, has a civil aspect and compensates the damages and losses inflicted on the victim or his parents, on the other hand, it has a criminal aspect and provides the means of punishment and learning lessons for the perpetrator. Also, the payment made by the wise has been accepted from the point of view of Feyz Kashani and Imam Khomeini. Accordingly, whenever a non-Muslim citizen from Dhimma commits a pure mistake and is unable to pay the ransom, whenever a murderer commits premeditated murder and then escapes and he and his relatives have no money, whenever the person who committed the murder of a pure mistake does not have the wisdom of paying the wise ransom, or if his wisdom is incapable, the payment of ransom will be the responsibility of the treasury. From Imam Khomeini's point of view, the most important basis of the government's responsibility as a wise man is the rule of "Al-Kharaj bi Al-Dhiman" but Feyz Kashani has not discussed this issue

Aktivnost arginaze u organima za razmnožavanje goveda.

Seven healthy, sexually adult cows were slaughtered and the whole reproductive system of all animals was immediately collected. Different tissues, including ovaries with corpora lutea, muscular and mucosal layers of uterine horn, uterine body, cervix, vagina and vestibula, were carefully separated. Arginase specific activity (ASA) was determined and compared by the modified paranitrophenylglyoxal (PNPG) method. Results of this study indicate that the highest arginase-specific activity (79.01±13.20 IU/mg of protein) is present in mucosal layer of vestibula, which did showed no significant difference with the mucosal layer of uterine horn (49.45±8.73) and muscular layer of vestibula (49.04±9.43) although there was a significant difference with the remaining parts of the reproductive system (P<0.05). The finding of this study also indicates that this enzyme is present at different levels in all parts of cattle reproductive system, which may be related to different rate of cell proliferation, differentiation or some other unknown physiological and biochemical activities of the enzyme in this system.U istraživanje je bilo uključeno 7 zdravih krava. Odmah nakon klanja, životinjama su bili odstranjeni svi organi za razmnožavanje iz kojih su prikupljeni uzorci različitih tkiva: jajnici sa žutim tijelom, slojevi mišićnog i sluzničnog dijela iz roga maternice, tijela maternice, cerviksa, te vagine i vestibuluma. Za utvrđivanje specifične aktivnosti arginaze (ASA) te usporedbu te aktivnosti u različitim tkivima, primijenjena je preinačena paranitrophenylglyoxal (PNPG) metoda. Rezultati su pokazali da je najviša razina specifične aktivnosti arginaze (79,01 ± 13,20 IU/mg bjelančevina) utvrđena u sluzničnom sloju vestibuluma. Navedena vrijednost nije bila statistički značajno različita u odnosu na sluznični sloj roga maternice (49,45 ± 8,73) i mišićni sloj vestibuluma (49,04 ± 9,43) već samo u odnosu na ostale dijelova organa za razmnožavanje (P<0,05). Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je u organima za razmnožavanje goveda prisutna različita aktivnost arginaze što se može povezati s različitim stupnjem proliferacije stanica, diferencijacijom ili s drugim nepoznatim fiziološkim odnosno biokemijskim aktivnostima ovog enzima

Cluster-based supplier segmentation: a sustainable data-driven approach

Purpose – Supplier segmentation provides companies with suitable policies to control each segment, thereby saving time and resources. Sustainability has become a mandatory requirement in competitive business environments. This study aims to develop a clustering-based approach to sustainable supplier segmentation. Design/methodology/approach – The characteristics of the suppliers and the aspects of the purchased items were considered simultaneously. The weights of the sub-criteria were determined using the best-worst method. Then, the K-means clustering algorithm was applied to all company suppliers based on four criteria. The proposed model is applied to a real case study to test the performance of the proposed approach. Findings – The results prove that supplier segmentation is more efficient when using clustering algorithms, and the best criteria are selected for sustainable supplier segmentation and managing supplier relationships. Originality/value – This study integrates sustainability considerations into the supplier segmentation problem using a hybrid approach. The proposed sustainable supplier segmentation is a practical tool that eliminates complexity and presents the possibility of convenient execution. The proposed method helps business owners to elevate their sustainable insights

Involvement of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in the antidepressant-like effects of selegiline in maternal separation model of mouse.

Mother-infant interactions are known to be associated with the psychological well-being of an individual in adulthood. It is well accepted that emotional stress in early life, such as maternal separation (MS), leads to alterations in the neurotransmission systems of various brain regions, especially the mesolimbic dopaminergic system, and subsequently can increase the risk for development of psychiatric disorders including depression in adulthood. Selegiline is an irreversible monoamine oxidase (MAO) type B inhibitor which increases striatal dopamine levels and exerts an antidepressant effect. In this study, 180min of MS stress was applied to mice at postnatal day (PND) 2-14 followed by behavioral tests for determining depressive-like behaviors, such as forced swimming test (FST), splash test and sucrose preference test (SPT) in adult mice (PND 50). The open field test (OFT) also was applied to validate FST results. We used SCH23390 (D1 antagonist) and sulpiride (D2 antagonist) in order to determine the role of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in antidepressant-like effects of selegiline. Our results revealed that MS provoked depressive-like behaviors in adult male mice, and the administration of selegiline attenuated depressive-like behaviors in MS mice. Our findings showed that D1 dopamine receptors facilitate the positive effects of selegiline on the passive behavior in the FST. Furthermore, antidepressant effects of selegiline on hedonic difficulties are mediated via D2 receptor in the SPT. The results of the splash test revealed that both D1 and D2 receptors mediate the protective effect of selegiline against motivational and self-care problems. Based on our results, we conclude that both D1 and D2 dopamine receptors are involved in mediating the antidepressant-like effect of selegiline. We found that D1 receptors mediate an effect on despair behavior, D2 receptors mediate an effect on anhedonia, and both D1 and D2 receptors contribute to the protective effects of selegiline on motivational complications

Protective effects of gabapentin against the seizure susceptibility and comorbid behavioral abnormalities in the early socially isolated mice

Adolescence is a pivotal period of brain development during lifespan, which is sensitive to stress exposure. Early social isolation stress (SIS) is known to provoke a variety of psychiatric comorbidities as well as seizure risk. Psychiatric comorbidities present challenging dilemmas for treatment and management in people with seizure disorders. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether gabapentin (GBP) as an anti-epileptic drug is able to alleviate the seizure activity as well as comorbid behavioral abnormalities in socially isolated mice. Results showed that early SIS induced proconvulsant effects along with depressive, aggressive and anxiety-like behaviors. Whereas the administration of both acute and chronic GBP at sub-effective doses produced no alterations in the behavioral profile of socially conditioned counterparts the same treatments effectively reversed the seizure susceptibility to pentylenetetrazole and behavioral deficits in isolated mice. Results of the study indicate that 1) Early SIS could be considered as an animal model of psychosocial stress to investigate the psychiatric comorbidities in seizure disorders, 2) Chronic administration of low dose GBP prevented the shaping of behavioral abnormalities in adulthood, 3) Chronic administration of low dose GBP produced no negative behavioral effects in socially conditioned mice suggesting the safety of the drug, 4) Gabapentin at low doses may be considered as an agent for management of epilepsy in individuals with psychiatric comorbidities

Lithium attenuates the proconvulsant effect of adolescent social isolation stress via involvement of the nitrergic system

In this study, we tested whether acute administration of lithium mitigates the deleterious effect of adolescent social isolation stress (SIS) on seizure susceptibility. In comparison with socially conditioned (SC) mice, isolated conditioned (IC) mice exhibited an increase in seizure susceptibility to pentylenetetrazole. Acute administration of lithium (10 mg/kg) reversed the proconvulsant effect of SIS in IC mice, but this effect was not observed in SC mice. Coadministration of subthreshold doses of lithium (3 mg/kg) with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors reversed the effect of SIS on seizure susceptibility and decreased hippocampal nitrite levels in IC animals. In addition, a subthreshold dose of a nitric oxide precursor reduced the protective effect of lithium on seizure susceptibility and increased nitrite levels in the hippocampus of IC mice. These results suggest that lithium exerts a protective influence against the proconvulsant effect of adolescent SIS via a nitrergic system that includes activation of neuronal NOS in the hippocampus