Análisis del desarrollo empresarial y humano, desde los socios y socias de la UCA EL ESFUERZO de los municipios de Darío y Sébaco, integradas al programa PROCAVAL, en el segundo semestre del 2012

En la estrategia de reducción de la pobreza del gobierno, el programa PROCAVAL es una respuesta, por lo tanto en el presente estudio se analizo el desarrollo empresarial y humano desde los socios y socias de la UCA EL ESFUERZO quienes están integradas al programa que se encuentra en su fase media. La problemática del estudio está planteada por López (2012) consiste en ineficiencia organizacional, gestión administrativa, carencia de capitalización propia, inequidad en los procesos participativos. La investigación es transversal, descriptiva y explicativa con enfoque cualitativo y cuantitativo, Las variables estudiadas son cooperativismo y desarrollo (empresarial y humano), la muestra para la realización del estudio fue 62 socias y socios, los instrumentos utilizados fueron, encuestas aplicadas a socios y socias, entrevistas a los presidentes de las cooperativas, grupos focales a los miembros de las cooperativas. Los resultados del estudio muestran que en cooperativismo 31% de los socios no conocen la ley general de cooperativismo, las tomas de decisiones en las cooperativas Recuerdo y Amistad son tomadas en 90% y 67% respectivamente por los presidentes, lo cual afecta los procesos democráticos, en el desarrollo empresarial el estudio mostro que 45% de los socios no poseen tierra, no tienen acceso al financiamiento ,en el desarrollo humano según el índice de vivienda muestra que el componente de piso es 0.23,lo que indica que la mayoría de los pisos son de tierra. Dado esto se rechazo la hipótesis del estudio. El desarrollo empresarial es ineficiente y el desarrollo humano según Sen, no es alcanzado por socios y socias, de acuerdo a Neef es relativo por qué no cubren todas sus necesidades básicas de manera satisfactoria, así como factores de autorrealización personal y colectiva son alcanzados y contribuyen al desarrollo de las persona

Mortalidad por lesiones de tránsito en adultos mayores en la República de Ecuador entre los años 1990 y 2018: estudio descriptivo

The present study aimed to estimate the trend in road traffic injury mortality in older adults (60 years of age or older) and comparison with those <60 years of age in Ecuador (1990-2018). Official death records and population projections were used to calculate mortality rates per 100,000 population, rate ratios, years of potential life lost (YPLL), and trends. Those under 60 years of age had mortality rates of 16.7 (per 100,000) compared to 36.2 (per 100,000) for older adults, with an increasing trend in YPLL. Older adults recorded fewer deaths than the younger population. However, it is necessary to develop road safety strategies oriented to the progressive aging of the Ecuadorian population. Keywords: older adults, traffic accidents, mortality, trends, Ecuador. References [1]World Health Organization (2018, May 17). Global Status Report on Road Safety 2018 [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2018/en/ [2]A. F. Algora-Buenafé, M. Russo-Puga, P. R. Suasnavas-Bermúdez, P. Merino-Salazar and A. R. Gómez-García,"Tendencias de los accidentes de tránsito en Ecuador: 2000-2015", Gerencia y Políticas de Salud, vol. 16, n.º 33, pp. 52–58, noviembre de 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.rgps16-33.tate. [Last Access: September 2nd, 2021 ]. [3]Pan American Health Organization (2019, June 22). Status of Road Safety in the Region of the Americas [Online]. Available: http://iris.paho.org/xmlui/handle/123456789/51088. [4]S. J. Eun, "Trends in mortality from road traffic injuries in South Korea, 1983–2017: Joinpoint regression and age-period-cohort analyses", Accident Analysis &Prevention, vol. 134, p. 105325, January 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2019.105325. [Last Access: September 2nd, 2021 ]. [5]S. Azami-Aghdash, M. H. Aghaei, and H. Sadeghi-Bazarghani, "Epidemiology of Road Traffic Injuries among Elderly People; A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", Bulletin of Emergency and Trauma, vol. 6, n.º 4, pp. 279–291, October 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.29252/beat-060403. [Last Access: September 7th, 2021 ]. [6]Y. Abolfathi Momtaz, R. Kargar, R. Hosseiny, and R. Sahaf, "Rate and pattern of road traffic accidents among older and younger drivers", Healthy Aging Research, vol. 7, n.º 2, June 2018, art. n.º e18. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1097/hxr.0000000000000018. [Last Access: October 13th, 2021 ]. [7]P. Martínez, D. Contreras and M. Moreno, "Safe mobility, socioeconomic inequalities, and aging: A 12-year multilevel interrupted time-series analysis of road traffic death rates in a Latin American country", PLOS ONE, vol. 15, n.º 1, enero de 2020, art. n.º e0224545. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224545. [Last Access: October 10th, 2021 ]. [8]G. Bergen et al., "How do older adult drivers self-regulate? Characteristics of self-regulation classes defined by latent class analysis", Journal of Safety Research, vol. 61, pp. 205–210, June 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2017.01.002. [Last Access: October 9th, 2021 ] [9]Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (2018, February 2). Registros Estadísticos de Nacidos Vivos, Defunciones Fetales y Defunciones Generales [Online]. Available: https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/nacimientos_y_defunciones. [10]Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (2017, August 2). Proyecciones Demográficas, 2010 – 2020. [Online]. Available: https://sni.gob.ec/proyecciones-y-estudios-demograficos. [11]W. Y. Yee, "Road traffic injuries in the elderly", Emergency Medicine Journal, vol. 23, n.º 1, pp. 42–46, January 2006. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1136/emj.2005.023754. [Last Access: October 21st, 2021] [12]L. McElroy, J. Juern, A. Bertleson, Q. Xiang, A. Szabo and J. Weigelt, "A single urban center experience with adult pedestrians struck by motor vehicles", WMJ:official publication of the State Medical Society of Wisconsin, vol. 112(3), pp. 117-122, 2013. [13]K. Bhalla, M. Naghavi, S. Shahraz, D. Bartels and C. J. L. Murray, "Building national estimates of the burden of road traffic injuries in developing countries from all available data sources: Iran", Injury Prevention, vol. 15, n.º 3, pp. 150–156, June 2009. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1136/ip.2008.020826. [Last Access: October 1st, 2021]. [14]D. Bartels, K. Bhalla, S. Shahraz, J. Abraham, R. Lozano and C. J. L. Murray, "Incidence of road injuries in Mexico: country report", International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, vol. 17, n.º 3, pp. 169–176, September 2010. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/17457300903564553. [Last Access: November 16th, 2021]. [15]W. R. Boot, C. Stothart and N. Charness, "Improving the Safety of Aging Road Users: A Mini-Review", Gerontology, vol. 60, n.º 1, pp. 90–96, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1159/000354212.  [Last Access: November 6th, 2021] [16]Y. L. Michael, E. P. Whitlock, J. S. Lin, R. Fu, E. A. O'Connor and R. Gold, "Primary Care–Relevant Interventions to Prevent Falling in Older Adults: A Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force", Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 153, n.º 12, p. 815, December 2010. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-153-12-201012210-00008.[Last Access: November 29th, 2021] [17]H. Etehad, S. Yousefzadeh-Chabok, A. Davoudi-Kiakalaye, D. A. Moghadam, H. Hemati and Z. Mohtasham-Amiri, "Impact of road traffic accidents on the elderly", Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, vol. 61, n.º 3, pp. 489–493, November de 2015. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2015.08.008. [Last Access: November 3th, 2021]. [18]B. H. Ang, W. S. Chen and S. W. H. Lee, "Global burden of road traffic accidents in older adults: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis", Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, vol. 72, pp. 32–38, September 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2017.05.004. [Last Access: December 19th, 2021] [19]J. P. Thompson, M. R. J. Baldock and J. K. Dutschke, "Trends in the crash involvement of older drivers in Australia", Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 117, pp. 262–269, August 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2018.04.027. [Last Access: December 16th, 2021].El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo estimar la tendencia de mortalidad por lesiones de tránsito en adultos mayores (igual o mayor a 60 años edad) y la comparación con los menores a 60 años edad en el Ecuador (1990-2018). Se emplearon los registros de defunción y proyecciones demográficas oficiales para el cálculo de tasas de mortalidad por 100 mil habitantes, razón de tasas, años de vida potencialmente perdidos (AVPP) y tendencias. Los menores a 60 años edad registraron tasas de mortalidad de 16,7 (por 100 mil) frente a 36,2 (por 100 mil) en los adultos mayores, con tendencia al aumento en los AVPP. Los adultos mayores registraron menor número de casos de fallecimientos con relación a la población más joven. Sin embargo, es necesario elaborar estrategias en seguridad vial orientadas al progresivo envejecimiento de la población ecuatoriana. Palabras Clave: Anciano, accidentes de tránsito, mortalidad, tendencias, Ecuador. Referencias [1]World Health Organization (2018, May 17). Global Status Report on Road Safety 2018 [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2018/en/ [2]A. F. Algora-Buenafé, M. Russo-Puga, P. R. Suasnavas-Bermúdez, P. Merino-Salazar y A. R. Gómez-García,"Tendencias de los accidentes de tránsito en Ecuador: 2000-2015", Gerencia y Políticas de Salud, vol. 16, n.º 33, pp. 52–58, noviembre de 2017. Accedido el 2 deseptiembre de 2021. [En línea]. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.rgps16-33.tate [3]Pan American Health Organization (2019, June 22). Status of Road Safety in the Region of the Americas [Online]. Available: http://iris.paho.org/xmlui/handle/123456789/51088. [4]S. J. Eun, "Trends in mortality from road traffic injuries in South Korea, 1983–2017: Joinpoint regression and age-period-cohort analyses", Accident Analysis &Prevention, vol. 134, p. 105325, enero de 2020. Accedido el 2 de septiembre de 2021. [En línea]. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2019.105325. [5]S. Azami-Aghdash, M. H. Aghaei y H. Sadeghi-Bazarghani, "Epidemiology of Road Traffic Injuries among Elderly People; A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", Bulletin of Emergency and Trauma, vol. 6, n.º 4, pp. 279–291, octubre de 2018. Accedido el 7 deseptiembre de 2021. [En línea]. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.29252/beat-060403 [6]Y. Abolfathi Momtaz, R. Kargar, R. Hosseiny y R. Sahaf, "Rate and pattern of road traffic accidents among older and younger drivers", Healthy Aging Research, vol. 7, n.º 2, junio de 2018, art. n.º e18. Accedido el 13 de octubre de 2021. [En línea]. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1097/hxr.0000000000000018. [7]P. Martínez, D. Contreras y M. Moreno, "Safe mobility, socioeconomic inequalities, and aging: A 12-year multilevel interrupted time-series analysis of road traffic death rates in a Latin American country", PLOS ONE, vol. 15, n.º 1, enero de 2020, art. n.º e0224545. Accedido el 10 de octubre de 2021. [En línea]. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224545 [8]G. Bergen et al., "How do older adult drivers self-regulate? Characteristics of self-regulation classes defined by latent class analysis", Journal of Safety Research, vol. 61, pp. 205–210, junio de 2017. Accedido el 9 de octubre de 2021. [En línea]. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2017.01.002. [9]Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (2018, February 2). Registros Estadísticos de Nacidos Vivos, Defunciones Fetales y Defunciones Generales [Online].Available: https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/nacimientos_y_defunciones. [10]Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (2017, August 2). Proyecciones Demográficas, 2010 – 2020. [Online]. Available: https://sni.gob.ec/proyecciones-y-estudios-demograficos. [11]W. Y. Yee, "Road traffic injuries in the elderly", Emergency Medicine Journal, vol. 23, n.º 1, pp. 42–46, enero de 2006. Accedido el 21 de octubre de2021. [En línea]. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1136/emj.2005.023754. [12]L. McElroy, J. Juern, A. Bertleson, Q. Xiang, A. Szabo and J. Weigelt, "A single urban center experience with adult pedestrians struck by motor vehicles", WMJ:official publication of the State Medical Society of Wisconsin, vol. 112(3), pp. 117-122, 2013. [13]K. Bhalla, M. Naghavi, S. Shahraz, D. Bartels y C. J. L. Murray, "Building national estimates of the burden of road traffic injuries in developing countries from all available data sources: Iran", Injury Prevention, vol. 15, n.º 3, pp. 150–156, junio de 2009. Accedido el 1 de octubre de 2021. [En línea]. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1136/ip.2008.020826. [14]D. Bartels, K. Bhalla, S. Shahraz, J. Abraham, R. Lozano y C. J. L. Murray, "Incidence of road injuries in Mexico: country report", International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, vol. 17, n.º 3, pp. 169–176, septiembre de 2010. Accedido el 16 de noviembre de 2021. [En línea]. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1080/17457300903564553. [15]W. R. Boot, C. Stothart y N. Charness, "Improving the Safety of Aging Road Users: A Mini-Review", Gerontology, vol. 60, n.º 1, pp. 90–96, 2014. Accedido el 6 de noviembre de 2021. [En línea]. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1159/000354212. [16]Y. L. Michael, E. P. Whitlock, J. S. Lin, R. Fu, E. A. O'Connor y R. Gold, "Primary Care–Relevant Interventions to Prevent Falling in Older Adults: A Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force", Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 153, n.º 12, p. 815, diciembre de 2010. Accedido el 29 de noviembre de 2021. [En línea]. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-153-12-201012210-00008. [17]H. Etehad, S. Yousefzadeh-Chabok, A. Davoudi-Kiakalaye, D. A. Moghadam, H. Hemati y Z. Mohtasham-Amiri, "Impact of road traffic accidents on the elderly", Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, vol. 61, n.º 3, pp. 489–493, noviembre de 2015. Accedido el 3 de noviembre de 2021. [En línea]. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2015.08.008. [18]B. H. Ang, W. S. Chen y S. W. H. Lee, "Global burden of road traffic accidents in older adults: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis", Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, vol. 72, pp. 32–38, septiembre de 2017. Accedido el 19 de diciembre de 2021. [En línea]. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2017.05.004. [19]J. P. Thompson, M. R. J. Baldock y J. K. Dutschke, "Trends in the crash involvement of older drivers in Australia", Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 117, pp. 262–269, agosto de 2018. Accedido el 16 de diciembre de 2021. [En línea]. Disponible: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2018.04.027

Fusarium Mycotoxins and Metabolites that Modulate Their Production

The genus Fusarium is a group of fungi producing several types of toxins with toxicological effect in both humans and animals. Such fungi are commonly found in soils so it can contaminate various types of crops, preferably cereals, leading to significant economic losses. Relative humidity, storage temperature and various handling in cereales increase the possibility of contamination by Fusarium toxins. Cereals naturally have secondary metabolites that may help attenuate contamination by these toxins, but it is necessary to know strategies and mechanisms that generate inactivation mycotoxins. This chapter reviews relevant information about cereal mycotoxin contamination, as well as the production of cereal secondary metabolites as a strategy to reduce the possibility of mycotoxin contamination

Health inequity in workers of Latin America and the Caribbean

Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is the world’s most inequitable region in terms of wealth distribution. The full scale of social inequalities in health has been hidden by the lack of reliable data. This study aimed to measure and compare health inequalities in the working population within and between 15 countries of LAC

The decline of autochthonous leprosy in the Valencia Region of Spain: patterns and trends 1940-2015

Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe the patterns and trends of autochthonous leprosy in the Valencia Region (Spain). Methods: We included all new leprosy cases originating from the Valencia Region between the years 1940 and 2015. Patients originating from other countries or other Spanish regions were excluded. New cases were analysed by age, sex, clinical type, occupation, and geographic distribution. Results: A total of 442 patients with presumably autochthonous leprosy were included. Incidence rates consistently declined over the study period. Mean age at onset gradually increased from 34.2 years during the period 1940-1949 to 59.5 years during 2000-2015. There were no cases with clinical onset after 2006 and no cases born after 1973. Patients were predominantly males (57.7%) and 85.4% had multibacillary leprosy. The proportion of multibacillary cases increased gradually after 1970. The majority of male patients (67.9%) worked in agriculture. Most of the cases, especially during the later periods, were concentrated in the coastal regions. Conclusions: Our findings are consistent with trends described in other regions with declining leprosy incidence rates and suggest that the transmission of M. leprae infection in this area may well have now stopped. Autochthonous leprosy in this region has had a male predominance and a high proportion of multibacillary cases. The geographic distribution and the high incidence in agricultural workers suggest that environmental factors should be further explored

Attending home care patients in primary care using a smartphone application (WhatsICS): A feasibility study

Background: Provision of care to patients with chronic diseases at their homes remains a great challenge for modern health care systems. Smartphone applications are indicated as one of the strategies that could improve care delivery to this group of patients. The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility and usability of a proprietary application with a messaging service used by a primary care team attending chronic patients mainly at their homes. Methods: A Cross-sectional pilot study of a smartphone application to communicate amongst clinicians. Primary care practices in Tona, Spain, were recruited during a period from January to December 2016. Clinicians used WhatsICS to communicate during their home visits for 12 months. We studied the patterns of use, response time and types of communication. To explore barriers and enablers, semi-structured interviews were conducted with selected nurses, social worker and general practitioners. Results: Two nurses, two practitioners and a social worker were recruited and more than 1,000 hours of communication were recorded on 163 patients, generating 5820 communication events. Nurses initiated the majority of communications (59.79%); these communications were mainly for the purpose of receiving instructions from practitioners and for coordination (66.6%). The communications were made on weekdays, from Monday to Friday, and between 7:30 a.m. and 9:30 p.m. (99.73%). Participants felt that WhatsICS helped streamline and improve home-based care. Conclusions: WhatsICS is safe technologically and accepted as a communication tool for professionals. This study establishes the basis for future implementations of this tool to improve the care of chronic patients at home through smartphones

Effectiveness of antitussives, anticholinergics or honey versus usual care in adults with uncomplicated acute bronchitis : a study protocol of an open randomised clinical trial in primary care

Introduction Despite the frequent use of therapies in acute bronchitis, the evidence of their benefit is lacking, since only a few clinical trials have been published, with low sample sizes, poor methodological quality and mainly in children. The objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness of three symptomatic therapies (dextromethorphan, ipratropium or honey) associated with usual care and the usual care in adults with acute bronchitis. Methods and analysis This will be a multicentre, pragmatic, parallel group, open randomised trial. Patients aged 18 or over with uncomplicated acute bronchitis, with cough for less than 3 weeks as the main symptom, scoring ≥4 in either daytime or nocturnal cough on a 7-point Likert scale, will be randomised to one of the following four groups: usual care, dextromethorphan 30 mg three times a day, ipratropium bromide inhaler 20 μg two puffs three times a day or honey 30 mg (a spoonful) three times a day, all taken for up to 14 days. The exclusion criteria will be pneumonia, criteria for hospital admission, pregnancy or lactation, concomitant pulmonary disease, associated significant comorbidity, allergy, intolerance or contraindication to any of the study drugs or admitted to a long-term residence. Sample: 668 patients. The primary outcome will be the number of days with moderate-to-severe cough. All patients will be given a paper-based symptom diary to be self-administered. A second visit will be scheduled at day 2 or 3 for assessing evolution, with two more visits at days 15 and 29 for clinical assessment, evaluation of adverse effects, re-attendance and complications. Patients still with symptoms at day 29 will be called 6 weeks after the baseline visit. Ethics and dissemination The study has been approved by the Ethical Board of IDIAP Jordi Gol (reference number: AC18/002). The findings of this trial will be disseminated through research conferences and peer-review journals. Trial registration number NCT03738917; Pre-results

Temporal and spatial distribution fatal occupational injuries in Ecuador

Introduction: Ecuador is a country in South America, divided geographically by the Andean Mountain Range.  With the approval of the Resolution No C.D. 333 in 2010, companies are compelled to report all occupational accidents and diseases to the corresponding Occupational Health Public Organisms. Currently, there are no studies on the geographic and temporal distribution of deadly occupational accidents in the country. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the temporal and geographic distribution of fatal occupational accidents (FOA) in Ecuador. Material-Methods: Ecologic Study of temporal and geographical distribution of FOA in the 24 provinces of Ecuador between 2010 and 2016. Data was obtained thru official secondary information sources. Gross and Adjusted Mortality Rates were calculated for workers affiliated to the General Mandatory Insurance, allowing the space representation in terms of the object of study. Results: During the period analyzed, 1.748 workers have passed due to work related accidents in Ecuador. The Gross Mortality Rate (x100.000-affiliated workers) presents a decreasing tendency from 2010 (13.2) to 2014 (6.3), increasing for 2015 (9.5). The main provinces with a higher Adjusted Mortality Rate (x10.000-affiliated workers) are located in the Amazon Region: Morona Santiago, Napo, Orellana and Sucumbíos. Conclusions: Ecuadorian Geography implies important differences in terms of FOA distribution by provinces and the compliance of legal norms in Safety and Occupational Health thru time. The temporal distribution and geographic representation of this phenomenon will allow the corresponding public control entities to identify provinces with high mortality rates and implement specific actions to prevent. The results of this study will help establish future research lines that will analyze more in depth this issue

Transplanted Oligodendrocytes and Motoneuron Progenitors Generated from Human Embryonic Stem Cells Promote Locomotor Recovery After Spinal Cord Transection

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) hold great promise for the treatment of patients with many neurodegenerative diseases particularly those arising from cell loss or neural dysfunction including spinal cord injury. This study evaluates the therapeutic effects of transplanted hESC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPC) and/or motoneuron progenitors (MP) on axonal remyelination and functional recovery of adult rats after complete spinal cord transection. OPC and/or MP were grafted into the site of injury in the acute phase. Based on Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan scores recovery of locomotor function was significantly enhanced in rats treated with OPC and/or MP when compared with control animals. When transplanted into the spinal cord immediately after complete transection, OPC and MP survived, migrated, and differentiated into mature oligodendrocytes and neurons showing in vivo electrophysiological activity. Taken together, these results indicate that OPC and MP derived from hESC could be a useful therapeutic strategy to repair injured spinal cord. Stem Cells 2010; 28:1541–1549