Thermodynamic Study of the formation of transition metal ion complexes carrying medicinal drug in mixed solvent media

Stability constant of Labetalol drug with transition metal ions Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+ using a pH metric titration technique in 20%(v/v) ethanol-water mixture at three different temperatures 300K, 310K & 320K at an ionic strength of 0.1M NaClO4 were studied. Calvin-Bjerrum method as adopted by Irving-Rossotti has been employed to determine metal-ligand stability constant logK values. The trend in the formation constants for transition metal ions follows the orderFe3+>Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Cd2+ >Ni2+ > Co2+.The thermodynamic parameters such as, Gibb’s free energy change ΔG, entropy change ΔS and enthalpy change ΔH associated with the complexation reactions were calculated

COMPLEXATION OF LISINOPRIL DRUG WITH ALKALINE EARTH AND TRANSITION METAL IONS IN MIXED SOLVENT MEDIA

Objective: To investigate the stability constant of Lisinopril hydrochloride drug with alkaline earth metal ions Mg(II), Ca(II) and transition metal ions Fe(III), Cu(II) using potentiometric titration technique in 20%(v/v) ethanol-water mixture at 27 °C temperature and at an ionic strength of 0.1M NaClO4. Materials and Methods: The ligand Lisinopril hydrochloride is soluble in 20% (v/v) ethanol-water mixture. NaOH, NaClO4, HClO4 and metal salts were of AR grade. The solutions used in the pH metric titration were prepared in double distilled water. All the measurements were made at 27 0Cin 20%(V/V) ethanol-water mixture at constant ionic strength of 0.1M NaClO4. The pH measurement were made using a digital pH meter. Results: The method of Calvin and Bjerrum as adopted by Irving and Rossotti has been employed to determine proton ligand (pKa) and metal-ligand stability constant (logK) values. It is observed that alkaline earth metal & transition metal ion forms 1:1 and 1:2 complexes. The order of stability constants for these metal complexes was as: Fe3+ > Cu2+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ Conclusion: The stability constants of trivalent Fe show maximum stability whereas divalent Ca shows minimum stability

Formation of Alkaline Earth and Transition Metal Complexes with Efavirenz Drug in Ethanol-Water Media

The stability constant of Efavirenz drug with alkaline earth metal ions Mg(II), Ca(II)  and transition metal ions Fe(III), Cu(II) were investigate using pH metric titration technique in 20%(v/v) ethanol-water mixture at 27 °C temperature and at an ionic strength of 0.1M NaClO4.{Metal to ligand ratio = 1:5 & 1:1}The method of Calvin and Bjerrum as adopted by Irving and Rossotti has been employed to determine proton ligand (pKa) and metal-ligand stability constants (log K) values. It is observed that alkaline earth metal & transition metal ion forms 1:1 and 1:2 complexes. The order of stability constants for these metal complexes was as:                                                        Fe3+ > Cu2+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+   

Phytopharmacognostic, Antibacterial Activity of Different Extract of Terminalia Arjuna Roxb Leaves

The wealth of India is stored in the broad natural flora which has been gifted to her.  Endowed with a variety of agro-climatic conditions, India is a virtual herbarium of the world. The importance of medicinal and aromatic plants has been emphasized from time to time.  It is accepted that the drug of natural origin shall play an important role in health care, particularly in the rural areas of India. India is having a high knowledge of phototherapy from Ayurveda, and still, hundreds of potent drugs are yet to be evaluated scientifically.  Keeping this in view, we reviewed one of the potential trees whose leaves and other parts also have a potent traditional application, but it has not been much studied.

Studies of Complexation of Transition Metal Ions With Benazepril Drug in Aqueous Media: Thermodynamic Aspect

Stability constant of Benazepril hydrochloride drug with transition metal ions Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+ using a pH metric titration technique in 20%(v/v) ethanol-water mixture at three different temperatures 300K, 310K & 320K at an ionic strength of 0.1M NaClO4 were studied. The Calvin-Bjerrum method as adopted by Irving-Rossotti has been employed to determine metal-ligand stability, constant logK values. The trend in the formation constants for transition metal ions follows the order: Fe3+ > Cu2+ > Cd2+> Co2+ > Zn2+ > Ni2+. The thermodynamic parameters, such as Gibb’s free energy change (ΔG), entropy change (ΔS), and enthalpy change (ΔH) associated with the complexation reactions, were calculated

Rehabilitation for distal radial fractures in adults

BACKGROUND: Fracture of the distal radius is a common clinical problem, particularly in older people with osteoporosis. There is considerable variation in the management, including rehabilitation, of these fractures. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2002 and last updated in 2006. OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of rehabilitation interventions in adults with conservatively or surgically treated distal radial fractures. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL 2014; Issue 12), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED, PEDro, OTseeker and other databases, trial registers, conference proceedings and reference lists of articles. We did not apply any language restrictions. The date of the last search was 12 January 2015. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi‐RCTs evaluating rehabilitation as part of the management of fractures of the distal radius sustained by adults. Rehabilitation interventions such as active and passive mobilisation exercises, and training for activities of daily living, could be used on their own or in combination, and be applied in various ways by various clinicians. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The review authors independently screened and selected trials, and reviewed eligible trials. We contacted study authors for additional information. We did not pool data. MAIN RESULTS: We included 26 trials, involving 1269 mainly female and older patients. With few exceptions, these studies did not include people with serious fracture or treatment‐related complications, or older people with comorbidities and poor overall function that would have precluded trial participation or required more intensive treatment. Only four of the 23 comparisons covered by these 26 trials were evaluated by more than one trial. Participants of 15 trials were initially treated conservatively, involving plaster cast immobilisation. Initial treatment was surgery (external fixation or internal fixation) for all participants in five trials. Initial treatment was either surgery or plaster cast alone in six trials. Rehabilitation started during immobilisation in seven trials and after post‐immobilisation in the other 19 trials. As well as being small, the majority of the included trials had methodological shortcomings and were at high risk of bias, usually related to lack of blinding, that could affect the validity of their findings. Based on GRADE criteria for assessment quality, we rated the evidence for each of the 23 comparisons as either low or very low quality; both ratings indicate considerable uncertainty in the findings. For interventions started during immobilisation, there was very low quality evidence of improved hand function for hand therapy compared with instructions only at four days after plaster cast removal, with some beneficial effects continuing one month later (one trial, 17 participants). There was very low quality evidence of improved hand function in the short‐term, but not in the longer‐term (three months), for early occupational therapy (one trial, 40 participants), and of a lack of differences in outcome between supervised and unsupervised exercises (one trial, 96 participants). Four trials separately provided very low quality evidence of clinically marginal benefits of specific interventions applied in addition to standard care (therapist‐applied programme of digit mobilisation during external fixation (22 participants); pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) during cast immobilisation (60 participants); cyclic pneumatic soft tissue compression using an inflatable cuff placed under the plaster cast (19 participants); and cross‐education involving strength training of the non‐fractured hand during cast immobilisation with or without surgical repair (39 participants)). For interventions started post‐immobilisation, there was very low quality evidence from one study (47 participants) of improved function for a single session of physiotherapy, primarily advice and instructions for a home exercise programme, compared with 'no intervention' after cast removal. There was low quality evidence from four heterogeneous trials (30, 33, 66 and 75 participants) of a lack of clinically important differences in outcome in patients receiving routine physiotherapy or occupational therapy in addition to instructions for home exercises versus instructions for home exercises from a therapist. There was very low quality evidence of better short‐term hand function in participants given physiotherapy than in those given either instructions for home exercises by a surgeon (16 participants, one trial) or a progressive home exercise programme (20 participants, one trial). Both trials (46 and 76 participants) comparing physiotherapy or occupational therapy versus a progressive home exercise programme after volar plate fixation provided low quality evidence in favour of a structured programme of home exercises preceded by instructions or coaching. One trial (63 participants) provided very low quality evidence of a short‐term, but not persisting, benefit of accelerated compared with usual rehabilitation after volar plate fixation. For trials testing single interventions applied post‐immobilisation, there was very low quality evidence of no clinically significant differences in outcome in patients receiving passive mobilisation (69 participants, two trials), ice (83 participants, one trial), PEMF (83 participants, one trial), PEMF plus ice (39 participants, one trial), whirlpool immersion (24 participants, one trial), and dynamic extension splint for patients with wrist contracture (40 participants, one trial), compared with no intervention. This finding applied also to the trial (44 participants) comparing PEMF versus ice, and the trial (29 participants) comparing manual oedema mobilisation versus traditional oedema treatment. There was very low quality evidence from single trials of a short‐term benefit of continuous passive motion post‐external fixation (seven participants), intermittent pneumatic compression (31 participants) and ultrasound (38 participants). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The available evidence from RCTs is insufficient to establish the relative effectiveness of the various interventions used in the rehabilitation of adults with fractures of the distal radius. Further randomised trials are warranted. However, in order to optimise research effort and engender the large multicentre randomised trials that are required to inform practice, these should be preceded by research that aims to identify priority questions

Safety and efficacy of fluoxetine on functional outcome after acute stroke (AFFINITY): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background Trials of fluoxetine for recovery after stroke report conflicting results. The Assessment oF FluoxetINe In sTroke recoverY (AFFINITY) trial aimed to show if daily oral fluoxetine for 6 months after stroke improves functional outcome in an ethnically diverse population. Methods AFFINITY was a randomised, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial done in 43 hospital stroke units in Australia (n=29), New Zealand (four), and Vietnam (ten). Eligible patients were adults (aged ≥18 years) with a clinical diagnosis of acute stroke in the previous 2–15 days, brain imaging consistent with ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke, and a persisting neurological deficit that produced a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 1 or more. Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 via a web-based system using a minimisation algorithm to once daily, oral fluoxetine 20 mg capsules or matching placebo for 6 months. Patients, carers, investigators, and outcome assessors were masked to the treatment allocation. The primary outcome was functional status, measured by the mRS, at 6 months. The primary analysis was an ordinal logistic regression of the mRS at 6 months, adjusted for minimisation variables. Primary and safety analyses were done according to the patient's treatment allocation. The trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12611000774921. Findings Between Jan 11, 2013, and June 30, 2019, 1280 patients were recruited in Australia (n=532), New Zealand (n=42), and Vietnam (n=706), of whom 642 were randomly assigned to fluoxetine and 638 were randomly assigned to placebo. Mean duration of trial treatment was 167 days (SD 48·1). At 6 months, mRS data were available in 624 (97%) patients in the fluoxetine group and 632 (99%) in the placebo group. The distribution of mRS categories was similar in the fluoxetine and placebo groups (adjusted common odds ratio 0·94, 95% CI 0·76–1·15; p=0·53). Compared with patients in the placebo group, patients in the fluoxetine group had more falls (20 [3%] vs seven [1%]; p=0·018), bone fractures (19 [3%] vs six [1%]; p=0·014), and epileptic seizures (ten [2%] vs two [<1%]; p=0·038) at 6 months. Interpretation Oral fluoxetine 20 mg daily for 6 months after acute stroke did not improve functional outcome and increased the risk of falls, bone fractures, and epileptic seizures. These results do not support the use of fluoxetine to improve functional outcome after stroke

Youth, Political Violence and Community Security: A Critical Analysis of Youth-led Violence and its Effects on Social Cohesion in Nepal

Youth-led political violence is a central idea in this research. I envisioned to study the implications of youth-led political violence in Nepal with emphasis on better understanding the effects it has had and continues to have on social relations and community security in post-war Nepal. Particular areas such as youth motivation and mobilisation, interactions between and among ethnic groups and perceptions of individual security were recognised as causes for concern when I commenced investigations. This research begins with a question, “What effects do youth participation in political violence have on social relations, and subsequently community security in Nepal, which is in the process of transitioning from a culture of armed conflict and civil war towards democratic accord?”. A qualitative-interpretive research methodology underpins this research with methods such as Key Informant Interviews (KII) and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) being utilised to collect primary data from 4 out of 7 provinces in the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. Participants were selected by commissioning purposive and snowball sampling techniques. The data was gathered in two phases. Push and pull factors that have inspired youth to engage in violent politics were identified. Some of these were: caste-based prejudice, poverty, shrinking livelihood opportunities, geographical insularity, disparity in resource distribution, partisan politics and indoctrination, identity-based political polarisation, state atrocities, peer pressure, the urge for revenge, family political legacy, and a dividend-seeking political culture. Political parties have picked these grievances/issues of the people to mobilise youth into bringing democracy at first and subsequently in efforts towards attaining equity for all ethnic groups. In Nepal, deep-rooted Patron-Client politics accelerated the process by which youth are engaged and mobilised into participating in political violence. Political violence is currently fuelling conflict between ethnic groups in Nepal because the issues that are related to ethnic discrimination have been politicised and personalised. Conflicting relations between ethnic groups is severely impacting community security. Youths’ sacrifices in their efforts to bring democracy to Nepal are well recognised. However, their involvement in an emerging profit-making industry and criminal behaviour in post-war Nepal was observed to be on the rise. Youths engage in nefarious activities on a large scale because their political masters willingly protect them. Hence, these inclinations of the youth of today are due to prevailing ethical and political corruptions among political actors, which describes an exact characteristic of kleptocracy in the Republic Nepal. I conclude that these altered behaviours among youth in relation to youthled political violence in Nepal are subject to change with respect to the shifting political context