Rice in Sangam Tamil Food

Since the Sangam Age, our people have been giving importance to food. Rice is one of the most important and important food items. It is also known that rice rice was cooked and eaten by the first varieties of rice. It is also known from Sangam literature that they cooked rice rice and ate it as Pori, tamarind rice and milk rice knowing the taste of rice. The Greeks who exported rice in ancient Tamil Nadu called it 'Arusa', which became 'Rice' in English. Though the word 'rice' is so old, the form 'Ari' is found in the old Tamil dictionary 'Pingalandai'. Tulu, one of the Dravidian languages, also has the form of 'Ari'. In Malayalam, rice is still referred to as 'Ari' and hence 'Ali' is the earliest form of Tamil. They threshed the paddy and obtained rice from it. In Purananuru there is a report that dried paddy was made into strips and fed to elephants. This article will be aimed at introducing the way in which the Sangam people have cooked and eaten rice food

Paddy, Tubers, Honey, Toddy in Sangam Tamil Food

People can survive even without clothes and shelter, which are the basic things that people need. But we cannot survive without food. So food was man's first quest. Fruits. Early vegetable man may have gradually learned to cook and cultivate food. Humans who started cooking food and made various changes in food later came to know indigenous cuisines as well. The types of food that a country can eat depends on its climate and climate. Diets have also varied according to economic ups and downs. A lot of Tamil literature deals with the food of Tamils. This article has examined how paddy, yam, honey, etc. have been used in such literature

Food Culture of Tribal People

One of the essentials of the universe is food. An individual's food cannot be taken only for sustenance. Food is the culture of human life, being together with culture. This research paper has been prepared with the evidence of the witnesses with the aim of clarifying that the food systems of the tribal people are united with the cultures and without forgetting the present day environment of the tribal people and the rituals associated with the food, we too should know and benefit from the benefits of the food system in our lives

The relaxation of OH (v = 1) and OD (v = 1) by H2O and D2O at temperatures from 251 to 390 K

We report rate coefficients for the relaxation of OH(v = 1) and OD(v = 1) by H2O and D2O as a function of temperature between 251 and 390 K. All four rate coefficients exhibit a negative dependence on temperature. In Arrhenius form, the rate coefficients for relaxation (in units of 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1) can be expressed as: for OH(v = 1) + H2O between 263 and 390 K: k = (2.4 ± 0.9) exp((460 ± 115)/T); for OH(v = 1) + D2O between 256 and 371 K: k = (0.49 ± 0.16) exp((610 ± 90)/T); for OD(v = 1) + H2O between 251 and 371 K: k = (0.92 ± 0.16) exp((485 ± 48)/T); for OD(v = 1) + D2O between 253 and 366 K: k = (2.57 ± 0.09) exp((342 ± 10)/T). Rate coefficients at (297 ± 1 K) are also reported for the relaxation of OH(v = 2) by D2O and the relaxation of OD(v = 2) by H2O and D2O. The results are discussed in terms of a mechanism involving the formation of hydrogen-bonded complexes in which intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution can occur at rates competitive with re-dissociation to the initial collision partners in their original vibrational states. New ab initio calculations on the H2O–HO system have been performed which, inter alia, yield vibrational frequencies for all four complexes: H2O–HO, D2O–HO, H2O–DO and D2O–DO. These data are then employed, adapting a formalism due to Troe (J. Troe, J. Chem. Phys., 1977, 66, 4758), in order to estimate the rates of intramolecular energy transfer from the OH (OD) vibration to other modes in the complexes in order to explain the measured relaxation rates—assuming that relaxation proceeds via the hydrogen-bonded complexes

Generating Target Graph Couplings for QAOA from Native Quantum Hardware Couplings

We present methods for constructing any target coupling graph using limited global controls in an Ising-like quantum spin system. Our approach is motivated by implementing the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) on trapped ion quantum hardware to find approximate solutions to Max-Cut. We present a mathematical description of the problem and provide approximately optimal algorithmic constructions which generate arbitrary unweighted coupling graphs with $n$ nodes in $O(n)$ global control pulses and weighted graphs with $m$ edges in $O(m)$ pulses. These upper bounds are not tight in general, and we formulate a mixed-integer program to solve the graph coupling problem to optimality. We perform numeric experiments on small graphs with $n \le 8$ show that optimal pulse sequences, which use fewer operations, can be found using mixed-integer programs

Investigation into the security and privacy of iOS VPN applications

Due to the increasing number of recommendations for people to use Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) to protect their privacy, more application developers are creating VPN applications and publishing them on the Apple App Store and Google Play Store. In this ‘gold rush’, applications are being developed quickly and, in turn, not being developed with security in mind.This paper investigated a selection of VPN applications available on the Apple App Store (for iOS devices) and tested the applications for security and privacy issues. This includes testing for any traffic being transmitted over plain HTTP, DNS leakage and transmission of personally identifiable information (such as phone number, International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI), email address, MAC address) and evaluating the security of the tunneling protocol used by the VPN.The testing methodology involved installing VPN applications on a test device, simulating network traffic for a pre-defined period of time and capturing the traffic. This allows for all traffic to be analysed to check for anything being sent without encryption. Other issues that often cause de-anonymization with VPN applications such as DNS leakage were also considered.The research found several common security issues with VPN applications tested, with a large majority of applications still using HTTP and not HTTPS for transmitting certain data. A large majority of the VPN applications failed to route additional user data (such as DNS queries) through the VPN tunnel. Furthermore, just fifteen of the tested applications were found to have correctly implemented the best-recommended tunneling protocol for user security.Outside of the regular testing criteria, other security anomalies were observed with specific applications, which included outdated servers with known vulnerabilities, applications giving themselves the ability to perform HTTPS interception and questionable privacy policies. From the documented vulnerabilities, this research proposes a set of recommendations for developers to consider when developing VPN applications

Simulation of the Performance of the IISc Chemical Kinetics Shock Tube

This report presents the results of an investigation of the performance of the Chemical Kinetics Shock tube at the Indian Institute of Science. The one-dimensional Lagrangian code L1d of Jacobs (1998) has been used to simulate the tube at several operating conditions. The conditions have different shock tube filling pressures, resulting in different shock speeds and different tube lengths, resulting in different dwell times. The simulations have been performed both with and without viscous effects simulated in the tubes. At the lowest shock tube filling pressure condition, the shock tube operates in an overtailored mode and it is undertailored at the higher filling pressure conditions. The results show that viscous effects, which lead to attenuation of the primary shock and heat loss from the test gas to the tube walls, result in an increasing p5 pressure during the test time. The viscous effects are more dominant at the condition with the lowest filling pressure (highest primary shock speed). A simulation run for 50 ms after diaphragm rupture or the configuration with a long driver tube shows that the test gas is periodically re-compressed by reflections of waves along the driver and shock tubes. The recompressions become sequentially weaker and thus the test gas temperature and pressure are never raised to as high levels as for the primary compression

Microstructure and Mechanical properties of Borated Stainless Steel (304B) GTA and SMA welds

Borated stainless steels are used in nuclear power plants due to their high capacity to absorb thermal neutrons.Borated Stainless Steels are being used to control neutron criticality in reactors as control rods, shieldingmaterial, spent fuel storage racks and transportation casks. In the present study, an attempt has been madeto investigate the microstructural and mechanical properties of the borated stainless steel welds made on10 mm thick plates, using SMAW and GTAW welding processes. Microstructural investigations revealed thatthe fusion zone in GTAW exhibited dendritic structure with eutectic constituents in interdendritic regions. GTAwelds failed in the partially melted zones formed (PMZ) immediately adjacent to the fusion zone, while theSMA welds failed in the base metal because of the high heat input used per pass in GTAW process resulting inlarger PMZ. The heat input in GTAW was very high compared to the SMAW while both the welds exhibited highjoint efficiencies, SMA welds were found to be superior. Impact testing revealed that welds made using SMAexhibited significantly higher toughness as the filler does not contain boron. It has been concluded that highefficiency welded joints can be made on 304B plates using both the processes

Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of A Novel Isomeric Molecule (PF5) Obtained from Methanolic Extract of Pleurotus Florida Mushroom

The Pleurotus florida is recognized as a medicinal and edible mushroom and the present study intends to reveal the active isomeric molecules from this mushroom. The P. florida was cultivated using different nutrient supplements: groundnut husk, maize powder, horse gram powder and coconut oil-cake powder. Horse gram supplement showed the higher mushroom yield and henceit was used for the cultivation of P. florida. Methanolic extract of P. florida was found to be efficient in antioxidant activity among ethanol, aqueous, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts. The bioactive fraction 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy cinnamic acid (PF5) was isolated and purified from the methanolic extract of P. florida by column chromatography, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrum (GC-MS) and further it was characterized by Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The PF5 was tested for its DPPH and reducing power assays, and the IC50 values were found to be 21.7 µg/mL and 105 µg/mL, respectively. We found that the cytotoxic effect of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy cinnamic acid was tested against the lung cancer cell line using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), sulphorodamine B (SRB) and trypan blue assays which exhibited a higher cytotoxic effect (CTC50, 645 µg/mL). These results suggested that 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy cinnamic acid from P. florida could be explored as a novel and potent natural antioxidant and cancer preventive agent, alternative to existing synthetic molecules

Cytological and transcript analyses reveal fat and lazy persister-like bacilli in tuberculous sputum

As nonreplicating tubercle bacilli are tolerant to the cidal action of antibiotics and resistant to multiple stresses, identification of this persister-like population of tubercle bacilli in sputum presents exciting and tractable new opportunities to investigate both responses to chemotherapy and the transmission of tuberculosis