The Settlement of Industrial Disputes in Great Britain

The external phosphorus (P) loading has been halved, but the P content in the water column and the area of anoxic bottoms in Baltic proper has increased during the last 30 years. This can be explained by a temporary internal source of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) that is turned on when the water above the bottom sediment becomes anoxic. A load-response model, explaining the evolution from 1980 to 2005, suggests that the average specific DIP flux from anoxic bottoms in the Baltic proper is about 2.3 g P m(-2) year(-1). This is commensurable with fluxes estimated in situ from anoxic bottoms in the open Baltic proper and from hydrographic data in the deep part of Bornholm Basin. Oxygenation of anoxic bottoms, natural or manmade, may quickly turn off the internal P source from anoxic bottoms. This new P-paradigm should have far-reaching implications for abatement of eutrophication in the Baltic proper.Funding Agencies|Swedish EPA [NV 08/302 F-255-08]</p

Initial Assessment of the Performance of the First Wind Lidar in Space on Aeolus

Soon after its successful launch in August 2018, the spaceborne wind lidar ALADIN (Atmospheric LAser Doppler INstrument) on-board ESA's Earth Explorer satellite Aeolus has demonstrated to provide atmospheric wind profiles on a global scale. Being the first ever Doppler Wind Lidar (DWL) instrument in space, ALADIN contributes to the improvement in numerical weather prediction (NWP) by measuring one component of the horizontal wind vector. The performance of the ALADIN instrument was assessed by a team from ESA, DLR, industry, and NWP centers during the first months of operation. The current knowledge about the main contributors to the random and systematic errors from the instrument will be discussed. First validation results from an airborne campaign with two wind lidars on-board the DLR Falcon aircraft will be shown

Contexts, ideologies and practices of small-scale irrigation development in east India

EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Ecological Economic Interactions : Considerations for Coastal Zone Management

Coastal zones are the meeting point for land and ocean. Besides these land-ocean interactions, the coastal zone can also be distinguished by the many and strong interactions between the biotic and abiotic systems and the regional economy. Around the world coastal systems are coping with ncreased human pressures in the form of an increased demand for space and other resources as a result of for example population growth, migration and an expansion of tourism. In addition, coastal areas have to deal with natural pressures resulting from large scale interactions of the atmospheric, water, soil and biological systems including climatic change. Derivations from the natural material and energy flows in the coastal zone are often a result of changes in land-use and other man-induced impacts within the watershed, the coastal zone or in the ocean. A considerable part of the changes do not originate in the coastal zone itself but are caused by land based activities upstream in the catchment area (see for example the case studies below of the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea). In general, there is a lack of understanding of the interdependence of natural and human systems and processes, especially for river basins and coasts. Furthermore, there is only limited knowledge of how activities in the catchment area influence the coastal zone. Consequently, in order to aid policy formulation and decision-making, the interactions between natural and human systems in respectively the catchment area and the coastal zone as well as the connection between them, need to be identified, studied, and at least partly understood. In attempting a linked analysis of natural and human processes, special attention should be paid to the different temporal and spatial scales on which they operate. One of the most important issues that needs further studying is the temporal and spatial disparity between processes and activities in the catchment area and effects in the coastal zone. This includes the time lags and spatial disparity between activities and their effects as well as the time ags between effects of activities and the time decision makers need to take action to identify, study and eventually reduce these impacts. Each of these issues will now be elaborated upon

Dispersion in a stratified benthic boundary layer

A dispersion model for the stratified benthic boundary layer is formulated. It is based on "small-scale" vertical dispersion and a "large-scale" horizontal flow field. A modified Langevin equation governs the stochastic vertical migration of an ensemble of marked fluid elements. These elements are spread out by the horizontal flow, determined by a one-dimensional model, which includes a two-equation (k - epsilon) turbulence scheme. The later yields statistical information necessary for the stochastic process. Statistical properties of the dispersion process are then calculated from the evolution of the ensemble of elements. A rather idealized case with a linearly stratified fluid subject to a suddenly imposed barotropic pressure gradient is considered. A quasi-geostrophic interior flow is formed with a benthic boundary layer at the bottom. Marked fluid elements are released at the bottom and then followed for several pendulum days. It is found that the dispersion process is well characterized by K = Cu(*)l/(where u(*) and l are the friction velocity at the bottom and the layer thickness, respectively), and where C approximate to 15. A similar relation but based on external parameters only, becomes: K = C-b vertical bar partial derivative P/partial derivative y vertical bar(2)/rho(2) f(5/2) N-1/2, where C-b approximate to 0.11 in the range N/f = 28- 8