“Levantamiento bajo Cárdenas”: novas abordagens em torno do conflito antijesuítico no cabildo de Assunção em 1649

This paper discusses the revolt of Bishop Bernardino de Cárdenas in Asunción in 1649. Paraguayan historiography treats this event as Revolución Comunera and presents it as a precursor of the emancipatory movements of Paraguay. The debate about the episode focuses on two positions, which highlight the figure of Cardenas as heroic leader and popular prominence during the revolt. We propose, in view of this context, to understand the economic and social panorama of the province of Paraguay in the mid-seventeenth century. Thus, we notice that the uprising of 1649 was not motivated by economic questions about access to Indian labor through encomiendas, but by a perception of poverty by the vecinos of Asunción that was gestated as an anti-Jesuitical sentiment. Based on this sentiment, which Bishop Cardenas knew how to catalyze, the revolt broke out and had as its central point the expulsion of the priests of the Company of Jesus from Paraguay in the same year.Keywords: Revolución Comunera, Bernardino de Cárdenas, anti-Jesuitism, Paraguay.A proposta desse artigo é discutir o levante do bispo Bernardino de Cárdenas ocorrido em Assunção em 1649. A historiografia paraguaia trata o evento como Revolução Comunera e apresenta-o como precursor dos movimentos emancipatórios do Paraguai. O debate em torno do episódio concentra-se em duas posições, uma que envolve o destaque à figura de Cárdenas como liderança heroica e outra o protagonismo popular durante a revolta. Propomos, diante desse contexto, compreender melhor o panorama econômico e social da província do Paraguai em meados do século XVII. Com isso, observamos que o levante de 1649 não foi motivado por questões econômicas em torno do acesso à mão de obra indígena através das encomiendas, mas por uma percepção de pobreza por parte dos vecinos de Assunção que foi gestada como um sentimento antijesuítico. A partir desse sentimento, que o bispo Cárdenas soube catalisar, estoura a revolta que teve como ponto central a expulsão dos padres da Companhia de Jesus do Paraguai no mesmo ano.Palavras-chave: Revolução Comunera, Bernardino de Cárdenas, antijesuitismo, Paraguai

LIST OF WASTE GENERATED IN AN INK INDUSTRY

A Associação Brasileira de Fabricantes de Tinta (ABRAFAT) se engajou a adequar as indústrias de tinta ao Plano Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS), no que direciona e tem como base o princípio de responsabilidade compartilhada onde a indústria geradora do seu próprio resíduo solido é responsável pela sua destinação e disposição final adequada. O presente trabalho trata-se do levantamento dos resíduos gerados dentro de uma indústria de tinta, onde todos os dados expressos foram levantados em campo que ajudaram a organizar e avaliar o armazenamento e destinação final dos resíduos da indústria, levando sempre como base para as avaliações as legislações vigentes de levantamento, armazenamento ou acondicionamento e destinação final dos resíduos gerados. Podendo assim definir e mencionar se os métodos executados estavam de acordo com as normas ou se possível adequação, ao observar todas às fazes estudadas obteve-se a avaliação de que todo o processo de geração, acondicionamento ou armazenamento e destinação final dos resíduos gerados estão de acordo com as legislações vigentes contribuindo assim para a manutenção do meio ambiente onde o cumprimento das normas evitará vários danos não só ao meio ambiente, mas também ao meio antrópico evitando o acumulo de resíduos perigosos em locais inadequados evitando a contaminação de todos os setores, agua, ar e solo.The work deals with the collection and analysis of waste generated within an ink industry, where all the expressed values were collected in the field, thus producing a quantity of data that helped to organize and evaluate the storage and final destination of the waste industry, always taking as a basis for evaluations the current legislation for lifting, storing or packaging and final destination of the waste generated, thus defining and mentioning whether the methods performed were in accordance with the standards or if it would be possible to adapt, observing all the studies studied evaluation of the entire process of generation, conditioning or storage and final destination of the waste generated are in accordance with current legislation, thus contributing to the maintenance of the environment where compliance with the standards will avoid several damages not only to the environment but also to the anthropic environment avoiding hazardous waste in inappropriate places, avoiding contamination of all sectors, water, air and soil

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Local government and patrimonialism: the Municipal Council and the granting of urban proprieties in the village of São Paulo (1560-1765)

Essa dissertação pretende compreender as relações entre o grupo político local dominante, representado pelos ocupantes da Câmara Municipal e a concessão de terras urbanas. Para tanto, utilizamos as Atas da Câmara de São Paulo, Registro Geral da Câmara e as Cartas de Datas de Terra de São Paulo. Essas fontes documentais foram cruzadas e tratadas de forma estatística através do aplicativo SPSS. Adotando uma abordagem quantitativa, pudemos melhor compreender a estrutura do poder local em São Paulo, caracterizada por relações de cunho patrimonialista. Relações essas que marcaram o processo de urbanização do núcleo urbano e o povoamento do planalto antes de 1765.This thesis attempts to study relantionships between the dominant local policital group, represented by the occupants of Câmara Municipal (the municipal council) and the granting of urban proprieties. We used Atas da Câmara de São Paulo, Registro Geral and Cartas de Datas de Terras. These documental sources were combined and treated statistically using the SPSS application. Adopting a quantitative approuch, we could understand the structure of local government in São Paulo, caracterized by relations of patrimonial nature. Relations that caracterized the urbanization process and urban area population of the plateau before 1765

"Arribadas maliciosas": redes no comércio de contrabando no porto de Buenos Aires, inícios do séc. XVII

O presente artigo propõe compreender as redes dos comerciantes em Buenos Aires do século XVII a partir de uma nova interpretação. O comércio irregular, que fugia às normas de monopólio defendidas pela legislação espanhola, foi estruturante para a consolidação da atividade econômica no porto platino. A historiografia sobre a temática concentrou-se no debate em torno da legalidade e ilegalidade dessas práticas comerciais e, em consequência, abordou a prática dos governadores, agentes do poder régio, como elementos de repressão e combate do que se nomeou como contrabando. A ideia desse artigo é mapear as relações entre os agentes ligados ao comércio irregular em Buenos Aires em meados do século XVII. Para tanto coletamos as relações compiladas no Proceso Grande, ação jurídica iniciada pelo governador Hernandarias de Saavedra visando denunciar os agentes portenhos ligados ao comércio irregular. Esse processo gerou uma centena de páginas e que descreviam as práticas comerciais e arrolava os comerciantes envolvidos na atividade. A partir dessa rica documentação procuramos estabelecer as conexões da rede comercial, seguindo a divisão das duas facções que disputavam o comércio. Com isso, pudemos espacializar as relações de rede comerciais, romper a ideia de que Hernandarias combatera o contrabando e esmiuçar as dinâmicas das relações comerciais e familiares de ambos os grupos, elementos fundamentais que estruturavam sociedades de Antigo Regime.The present article proposes to understand the merchant networks in Buenos Aires of seventeenth century from a new interpretation. Irregular trade, which ran away from the monopoly standards defended by Spanish legislation, was structuring for the consolidation of the economic activity in the Buenos Aires’ port. Historiography on the subject focused on the debate about the legality and illegality of these commercial practices and, as a consequence, addressed the practice of the governors, agents of royal power, as elements of repression and combat of what was designated as contraband. The idea of this article is to map the relations between the agents linked to the irregular commerce in Buenos Aires in the middle of the seventeenth century. For this purpose, we collect the relationships compiled in the Proceso Grande, a legal action initiated by the governor Hernandarias de Saavedra aiming to denounce porteño agents involved in irregular commerce. This process generated a hundred pages and described the business practices and the merchants involved in the activity. From this rich documentation, we tried to establish the connections of the commercial network, following the division of the two factions that disputed the commerce. With this, we were able to spatialize the commercial network relations, to break the idea that Hernandarias had fought against smuggling and to smash the dynamics of commercial and family relations of both groups, fundamental elements that structure societies of Ancien Régime

"Havía corrido la voz": rumors cirdulated about the existence of gold mine in the region of Río de La Plata and Paraguay (1647-1680)

This article aims to understand the rumors spread in the port of Buenos Aires from 1647 involving news related to the existence of gold mines in the region of Uruguay and Paraguay. The rumors represented the yearnings of the society, propitiating its effectiveness and, mainly, its rapid diffusion. The port of Buenos Aires, as a meeting point for people from different regions, was a privileged locus for the creation and circulation of this type of news. Despite its diffuse origin, rumors about the mines were appropriated by local agents. Shortly thereafter, Bernardino de Cárdenas, bishop of Paraguay, would use the rumors as a way of attacking his rivals, in this case the priests of the Society of Jesus. This appropriation guaranteed not only the effectiveness of the news, but mainly its permanence in the social imaginary for a wider temporality.O artigo tem por objetivo compreender os rumores difundidos no porto de Buenos Aires a partir de 1647 envolvendo notícias relacionadas à existência de minas de ouro na região do Uruguai e Paraguai. Os rumores representaram anseios da sociedade, propiciando sua efetivação e, principalmente, sua rápida difusão. O porto de Buenos Aires, como ponto de encontro de pessoas provenientes de diferentes regiões foi locus privilegiado para a criação e circulação desse tipo de notícia. Apesar de sua origem difusa, os rumores acerca das minas foram apropriados por agentes locais. Pouco depois, Bernardino de Cárdenas, bispo do Paraguai, utilizaria dos rumores como forma de atacar seus rivais, no caso, os padres jesuítas. Essa apropriação garantiu não somente a efetividades das notícias, mas principalmente sua permanência no imaginário social por uma temporalidade mais ampla