Noces : un dispositif filmique complexe et une réception plurivoque

Noces est un film réalisé par Philippe Béziat. Issu d’une coproduction franco-suisse, il est sorti en France le 8 février 2012 et en Suisse romande le 26 septembre de la même année. Il met en scène, dans le Lavaux, une production contemporaine de l’œuvre Les Noces, des répétitions à la présentation de la pièce dans son intégralité. La particularité de cette représentation, qui constitue l’aboutissement du film, réside dans le fait qu’elle n’est pas jouée devant un public, et était d’emblée pr..

Colloque international « 1945, le retour des films américains en Europe : économie, politique, esthétique »

Les 7 et 8 mars derniers, s’est tenu à l’Université de Lausanne le colloque international « 1945, le retour des films américains en Europe : économie, politique, esthétique » codirigé par François Albera (Lausanne), Carine Bernasconi (Lausanne) et Laurent Le Forestier (Rennes 2). Ces deux jours ont permis de faire le point sur les relations entre différents pays européens et Hollywood au sortir de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Comme l’indiquait le sous-titre du colloque, les principaux axes dév..

Role of n-3 PUFAs in inflammation via resolvin biosynthesis

Le rôle des AGPI n-3 a considérablement augmenté ces dernières années, en particulier dans les processus inflammatoires en raison de leurs propriétés anti-inflammatoires. L’inflammation est une réponse protectrice de l’organisme visant à contrôler l’infection et à favoriser la réparation des tissus. Cependant, une inflammation excessive peut avoir de graves conséquences au niveau des tissus. C’est notamment le cas pour le cerveau pour lequel les conséquences fonctionnelles de la neuro-inflammation comprennent des altérations de la cognition, de l’affect et du comportement, conduisant à un impact négatif sur la qualité de vie et le bien-être des patients (Dantzer, 2001, 2008). Par conséquent, limiter l’inflammation dans le cerveau représente une véritable stratégie dans le cadre de la prévention et du traitement des maladies neuro-inflammatoires. Des données récentes montrent que les AGPI n-3 exercent leurs propriétés anti-inflammatoires en partie via la synthèse de médiateurs lipidiques spécialisés tels que les résolvines, qui participent activement à réduire la réponse inflammatoire. Cette revue rappelle d’abord les concepts de base de la réponse inflammatoire et le rôle des AGPI n-3 dans ce processus et présente ensuite la biosynthèse, les voies de signalisation et le rôle des résolvines.The role of n-3 PUFAs has gained more importance these last decades, especially in inflammatory processes because they can display anti-inflammatory properties. Inflammation is a protective response of the body in controlling infection and promoting tissue repair. However, excessive inflammation can cause local tissue damage. This is especially the case for the brain for which the functional consequences of neuroinflammation include alterations in cognition, affect and behavior leading to a negative impact on the quality of life and well-being of patients (Dantzer, 2001, 2008). Hence, limiting the inflammation in the brain is a real strategy for neuroinflammatory disease therapy and treatment. Recent data show that n-3 PUFAs exert anti-inflammatory properties in part through the synthesis of specialized pro-resolving mediators such as resolvins that actively turned off the inflammatory response. This review first outlines basic concepts of neuroinflammation and the role of n-3 PUFAs in this process and then summarizes the biosynthesis, signaling pathways and role of resolvins

Differential effects of inhibitors of the PI3K/mTOR pathway on the expansion and functionality of regulatory T cells

AbstractThe PI3K/mTOR pathway is commonly deregulated in cancer. mTOR inhibitors are registered for the treatment of several solid tumors and novel inhibitors are explored clinically. Notably, this pathway also plays an important role in immunoregulation. While mTOR inhibitors block cell cycle progression of conventional T cells (Tconv), they also result in the expansion of CD4+CD25hiFOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), and this likely limits their clinical antitumor efficacy. Here, we compared the effects of dual mTOR/PI3K inhibition (using BEZ235) to single PI3K (using BKM120) or mTOR inhibition (using rapamycin and everolimus) on Treg expansion and functionality. Whereas rapamycin, everolimus and BEZ235 effected a relative expansion benefit for Tregs and increased their overall suppressive activity, BKM120 allowed for similar expansion rates of Tregs and Tconv without altering their overall suppressive activity. Therefore, PI3K inhibition alone might offer antitumor efficacy without the detrimental selective expansion of Tregs associated with mTOR inhibition

Chiral primary one-point functions in the D3-D7 defect conformal field theory

JHEP is an open-access journal funded by SCOAP3 and licensed under CC BY 4.0archiveprefix: arXiv primaryclass: hep-th reportnumber: NORDITA-2012-81 slaccitation: %%CITATION = ARXIV:1210.7015;%%archiveprefix: arXiv primaryclass: hep-th reportnumber: NORDITA-2012-81 slaccitation: %%CITATION = ARXIV:1210.7015;%%C.F.K. and D.Y. were supported in part by FNU through grant number 272-08-0329. G.W.S. is supported by NSERC of Canada and by the Villum foundation through their Velux Visiting Professor program

Benefits of adapting to sea level rise : the importance of ecosystem services in the French Mediterranean sandy coastline

This article proposes an innovative approach to assess the benefits of adapting to sea level rise (SLR) in a coastal area on a regional scale. The valuation framework integrates coastal ecosystem services, together with urban and agricultural assets. We simulate the impacts of a progressive 1 m rise in sea level in the twenty-first century and an extreme flooding event in 2100 for four contrasted adaptation scenarios (Denial, “Laissez-faire”, Protection and Retreat). The assessment involves coupling the results of hazard-modelling approaches with different economic valuation methods, including direct damage functions and methods used in environmental economics. The framework is applied to the French Mediterranean sandy coastline. SLR will result in major land-use changes at the 2100 time horizon: relocation or densification of urban areas, loss of agricultural land, increase in lagoon areas and modification of wetlands (losses, migration or extension of ecosystems). Total benefits of public adaptation options planned in advance could reach €31.2 billion for the period 2010–2100, i.e. €69,000 per inhabitant (in the study area) in 2010 or €135 million/km of coastline. Our results highlight the importance of (i) raising awareness to ensure that public services and coastal managers can anticipate the consequences of SLR and (ii) incorporating coastal ecosystems into the assessment of the adaptation options. Our findings could provide a basis for participatory foresight approaches to build coastline adaptation pathways.PostprintPeer reviewe

Inhibiting microglia expansion prevents diet-induced hypothalamic and peripheral inflammation

Cell proliferation and neuroinflammation in the adult hypothalamus may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity. We tested whether the intertwining of these two processes plays a role in the metabolic changes caused by 3 weeks of a high-saturated fat diet (HFD) consumption. Compared with chow-fed mice, HFD-fed mice had a rapid increase in body weight and fat mass and specifically showed an increased number of microglia in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus. Microglia expansion required the adequate presence of fats and carbohydrates in the diet because feeding mice a very high-fat, very low-carbohydrate diet did not affect cell proliferation. Blocking HFD-induced cell proliferation by central delivery of the antimitotic drug arabinofuranosyl cytidine (AraC) blunted food intake, body weight gain, and adiposity. AraC treatment completely prevented the increase in number of activated microglia in the ARC, the expression of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-? in microglia, and the recruitment of the nuclear factor-?B pathway while restoring hypothalamic leptin sensitivity. Central blockade of cell proliferation also normalized circulating levels of the cytokines leptin and interleukin 1? and decreased peritoneal proinflammatory CD86 immunoreactive macrophage number. These findings suggest that inhibition of diet-dependent microglia expansion hinders body weight gain while preventing central and peripheral inflammatory responses due to caloric overload.Dissection des mécanismes hypothalamiques impliqués dans la détection du statut nutritionnel et régulation de la prise alimentaire via les interactions entre mTORC1, les mélanocortines et les endocannabinoïdes

Harnessing the biodiversity value of Central and Eastern European farmland

A large proportion of European biodiversity today depends on habitat provided by low-intensity farming practices, yet this resource is declining as European agriculture intensifies. Within the European Union, particularly the central and eastern new member states have retained relatively large areas of species-rich farmland, but despite increased investment in nature conservation here in recent years, farmland biodiversity trends appear to be worsening. Although the high biodiversity value of Central and Eastern European farmland has long been reported, the amount of research in the international literature focused on farmland biodiversity in this region remains comparatively tiny, and measures within the EU Common Agricultural Policy are relatively poorly adapted to support it. In this opinion study, we argue that, 10years after the accession of the first eastern EU new member states, the continued under-representation of the low-intensity farmland in Central and Eastern Europe in the international literature and EU policy is impeding the development of sound, evidence-based conservation interventions. The biodiversity benefits for Europe of existing low-intensity farmland, particularly in the central and eastern states, should be harnessed before they are lost. Instead of waiting for species-rich farmland to further decline, targeted research and monitoring to create locally appropriate conservation strategies for these habitats is needed now.Peer reviewe

Subtelomeric assembly of a multi-gene pathway for antimicrobial defense compounds in cereals

Non-random gene organization in eukaryotes plays a significant role in genome evolution. Here, we investigate the origin of a biosynthetic gene cluster for production of defence compounds in oat—the avenacin cluster. We elucidate the structure and organisation of this 12-gene cluster, characterise the last two missing pathway steps, and reconstitute the entire pathway in tobacco by transient expression. We show that the cluster has formed de novo since the divergence of oats in a subtelomeric region of the genome that lacks homology with other grasses, and that gene order is approximately colinear with the biosynthetic pathway. We speculate that the positioning of the late pathway genes furthest away from the telomere may mitigate against a ‘self-poisoning’ scenario in which toxic intermediates accumulate as a result of telomeric gene deletions. Our investigations reveal a striking example of adaptive evolution underpinned by remarkable genome plasticity