O papel da pesquisa cientifica e tecnologica no desenvolvimento da citricultura paulista : analise historica da atuação do Instituto Agronomico de Campinas (1920-1960)

Orientador: Tamas SzmrecsanyiDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de GeocienciasResumo: Considerando a atual importância econômica da agroindústria citrícola no Estado de São Paulo, e a reconhecida excelência científica do Centro de Citricultura do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC), o presente estudo procura resgatar a história do trabalho com citros neste Instituto, traçando um paralelo entre a evolução das atividades de P&D e o desenvolvimento da citricultura paulista. O período analisado vai da década de 1920 até meados da década de 1960, compreendendo a fase em que a produção citrícola brasileira era destinada ao mercado de frutas in natura. A partir de uma análise de fontes documentais da instituição, e dos artigos técnicos e científicos publicados no período, são identificadas as diferentes fases da atividade de pesquisa, bem como suas principais contribuições. Nota-se que houve diversos trabalhos em cooperação com outras instituições, nacionais e internacionais, principalmente na década de 1940, quando o IAC se consolidou como o principal articulador dos trabalhos de P&D com citros no Estado. O caráter híbrido desse Instituto permitiu um papel dinâmico ao longo do tempo, tendo sua atuação se voltado tanto para o trabalho de pesquisa científica e experimental como também para o de fomento e difusão, enfatizando-se um ou outro conforme as exigências da conjuntura. Foram levantadas evidências de que os esforços de P&D no Instituto começaram quando a citricultura ainda possuía pouca importância em São Paulo, sugerindo que a cultura teve uma atenção privilegiada por parte das instituições públicas de pesquisa, principalmente do IAe. Estes esforços seriam decorrentes de uma política de diversificação da agricultura de exportação, por parte do Governo estadual, a qual incluía uma política de ciência e tecnologia, ainda que de forma implícita. Ao final conclui-se que o sistema público de pesquisa, em particular o IAC, teve um papel decisivo no desenvolvimento da citricultura paulista. O êxito econômico alcançado pelo setor a partir da década de 1970, bem como a excelência científica verificada recentemente, podem ser explicados, em grande parte, pela estreita sintonia entre a evolução do setor produtivo e das atividades de P&D, construída historicamente desde a década de 1920Abstract: Considering the current economical importance of the citriculture agro-industry in the State of São Paulo and the acknowledged scientific excellence of the Centro de Citricultura (Citriculture Center) at the Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC - Campinas Agronomic Institute), the present study seeks to trace the Institute's work on citrus, drawing a parallel between the evolution of the R&D activities and the development of citriculture in the State of São Paulo. The analyzed period extends from the 1920s to the mid-1960s, embracing early stages, when the Brazilian citriculture production was mainly intended to the fresh fruit market. The different steps of the research activities and their main contributions are highlighted through an analysis of both the Institution's documentary sources and the technical and scientific articles published during that period. Cooperation with either national or intemational institutions is worth noting, particularly in the 1940s, when the IAC emerged as the main articulator of the R&D work on citrus in the State. Over the time, its dual characteristic provided the Institute with its dynamic role and its action then focused on scientific and experimental research as well as on support and diffusion, spotlighting either ones or the others, according to what the circumstances demanded. Evidences show that the Institute's R&D efforts began as citriculture was still of little importance in São Paulo, suggesting this culture received a privileged attention from the public research institutions, mainly the IAC. Such efforts seem to be attributable to the diversification of the State Govemment policies with regard to the exportation agriculture, which, although implicit1y, comprised a science and technology policy.In conclusion, the public research system, particularly the IAC, played a decisive role in the citriculture expansion in the State of São Paulo. Historically designed from the 1920s on, the fine tuning between the evolution of the productive sector and the R&D activities explains, for the greatest part, both the economical success in this sector, from the 1970s on, and the recent acknowledgement of scientific excellenceMestradoPolitica Cientifica e TecnologicaMestre em Política Científica e Tecnológic

Processos participativos para construção do conhecimento em agrofloresta: a experiência da Embrapa Meio Ambiente no diálogo de saberes

Aiming to deepen the construction of knowledge in Agroforestry and develop systems for the rural settlements reality, a Participatory Observation Unit (POU) was implemented  in January 2018 at Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Jaguariúna, SP. It was inspired mainly by the work developed since 2005 with farmers from the Sepé Tiaraju settlement. The 0.12 ha POU consists of 6 lines and 5 interlines and was designed to promote technical monitoring and sharing farmers, researchers, technicians and students insights of the development of the system and the improvement of solutions, considering the socio-technical conditions of the settled family farmers. This article aims to present and discuss the pedagogical strategies for implementing this POU and its maintenance, especially the events called “Field Day''. The Field Day for the implementation of coffee seedlings in December 2019 stands out, in which farmers were the leading experimenters. The pandemic brought a great challenge to the continuity of these knowledge construction processes, which are based on face-to-face meetings and field observations. However, it is allowing the exploration of new modes of virtual interaction with lessons that go beyond techniques.Com os objetivos de aprofundar a construção de conhecimento em Agroflorestas e desenvolver sistemas para a realidade dos assentamentos de reforma agrária, foi implantado em janeiro de 2018 uma Unidade de Observação Participativa (UOP)  na Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Jaguariúna, SP, inspirada principalmente nos trabalhos desenvolvidos desde 2005 com agricultoras/es do assentamento Sepé Tiaraju. A UOP, de 0,12 ha composta por 6 linhas e 5 entrelinhas, foi pensada para promover, além do acompanhamento técnico, a partilha das percepções de agriculturas/es, pesquisadoras/es, técnicas/os e estudantes quanto ao desenvolvimento do sistema e ao aprimoramento de soluções, tendo em vista as condições sociotécnicas dos agricultores familiares assentados. O presente artigo visa apresentar e discutir as estratégias pedagógicas da implantação dessa UOP e de sua manutenção, em especial os eventos denominados “Dia de Campo”. Dentre esses, destaca-se a implantação do café em dezembro de 2019, no qual os agricultores foram os experimentadores protagonistas. A pandemia trouxe um grande desafio para a continuidade desses processos de construção do conhecimento, que tem como base encontros presenciais e observações no campo. Contudo, está permitindo explorar novas modalidades de interação virtual, cujos aprendizados vão além das técnicas de manej

A experiência da Rede de Agroecologia do Leste Paulista (SP) – Brasil

A Rede de Agroecologia do Leste Paulista (SP) – Brasil foi criada em 2005 a partir de uma articulação entre Agricultores(as) Familiares da região e de um conjunto de organizações governamentais e não governamentais de ensino, pesquisa e extensão com o objetivo de contribuir para o desenvolvimento local sustentável fundamentado nos princípios da Agroecologia. Para isso, as estratégias desenvolvidas pela Rede ao longo desses dez anos foram pautadas por processos participativos voltados à construção do conhecimento e da transição agroecológica de unidades familiares de produção numa perspectiva territorial. Dentre as diferentes atividades de interação e de construção do conhecimento agroecológico, destaca-se o trabalho desenvolvido em Unidades de Referência (UR) implantadas, conduzidas e monitoradas em áreas dos próprios Agricultores Familiares. O presente trabalho aborda os aspectos positivos (fortalezas e potencialidades) e negativos (debilidades e resistências) desse processo, além de apontar alguns caminhos para o fortalecimento e consolidação da referida Rede.Eje: B6 Desarrollo rural, movimientos sociales, Estado y agroecología (Relatos de experiencias)Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Cardiovascular Statistics - Brazil 2021.

This is the 2021 edition of the Cardiovascular Statistics – Brazil , a multi-institutional effort to periodically provide updated information on the epidemiology of heart diseases and stroke in Brazil. The report incorporates official statistics provided by the Brazilian Ministry of Health and other government agencies, by the GBD project led by the IHME of the University of Washington, as well as data generated by other sources and scientific studies, such as cohorts and registries, on CVDs and their risk factors. The document is directed to researchers, clinicians, patients, healthcare policy makers, media professionals, the public, and others who seek comprehensive national data available on heart disease and stroke

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost