Primordialists and Constructionists: a typology of theories of religion

This article adopts categories from nationalism theory to classify theories of religion. Primordialist explanations are grounded in evolutionary psychology and emphasize the innate human demand for religion. Primordialists predict that religion does not decline in the modern era but will endure in perpetuity. Constructionist theories argue that religious demand is a human construct. Modernity initially energizes religion, but subsequently undermines it. Unpacking these ideal types is necessary in order to describe actual theorists of religion. Three distinctions within primordialism and constructionism are relevant. Namely those distinguishing: a) materialist from symbolist forms of constructionism; b) theories of origins from those pertaining to the reproduction of religion; and c) within reproduction, between theories of religious persistence and secularization. This typology helps to make sense of theories of religion by classifying them on the basis of their causal mechanisms, chronology and effects. In so doing, it opens up new sightlines for theory and research

Using Simulation to Assess the Opportunities of Dynamic Waste Collection

In this paper, we illustrate the use of discrete event simulation to evaluate how dynamic planning methodologies can be best applied for the collection of waste from underground containers. We present a case study that took place at the waste collection company Twente Milieu, located in The Netherlands. Even though the underground containers are already equipped with motion sensors, the planning of container emptying’s is still based on static cyclic schedules. It is expected that the use of a dynamic planning methodology, that employs sensor information, will result in a more efficient collection process with respect to customer satisfaction, profits, and CO2 emissions. In this research we use simulation to (i) evaluate the current planning methodology, (ii) evaluate various dynamic planning possibilities, (iii) quantify the benefits of switching to a dynamic collection process, and (iv) quantify the benefits of investing in fill‐level sensors. After simulating all scenarios, we conclude that major improvements can be achieved, both with respect to logistical costs as well as customer satisfaction

Differentiated thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents

From 1936 to 1990, 89 children and adolescents (72 girls and 17 boys) were treated for differentiated thyroid carcinoma at the University of Michigan Medical Center; 58 of these patients were first reported in 1971. Thirty (34%) patients had previously received external irradiation to the head and neck, although only 1 (3%) patient of the last 33 patients seen had this history. Patients first presenting from 1971 to 1990 had less advanced disease than those seen earlier. Also, during this time period, the rate of initial palpable cervical adenopathy fell from 63% to 36%, local infiltration of primary cancer from 31% to 6%, and initial pulmonary metastases from 19% to 6%. The incidence of cervical nodal metastases has remained 88% for 54 years. Papillary or the follicular variant of papillary carcinoma was found in 93% of all patients. Seventy-nine (89%) patients had total or completion total thyroidectomy. Surgical management of lymphatic metastases varied from regional excision of nodes to radical neck dissection. The overall rate of permanent accidental recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy and hypoparathyroidism was 4.5%, although neither has occurred in a child or adolescent undergoing surgery at the center in the past 25 years. The most recent 33 patients had a low rate of local/regional persistence or recurrence. Cervical nodal persistence occurred in 21%; there were no thyroid recurrences. Eighty-two percent of patients received 131 I. The long-term mortality rate was 2.2%. We continue to advocate total thyroidectomy, cervical lymph node dissection, and postoperative 131 I therapy as the most conservative treatment regimen for children with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Entre 1936 et 1990, 89 enfants et adolescents (72 filles et 17 garons) ont été traités pour cancer différencie de la thyroïde au Centre Médical de l'Université de Michigan. Cinquante huit d'entre eux ont fait l'objet d'une publication en 1971. Trente de ces patients (34%) avaient eu une radiothérapie externe au niveau de la tête et/ou du cou, mais ce facteur n'a été retrouvé que chez un des 33 derniers patients (3%). Les patients vus entre 1971 et 1990 avaient une maladie moins avancée. Pendant cette période, le taux d'adénopathies cervicales palpables est passée de 63 à 36%; le pourcentage de patients ayant une infiltration locale, de 31 à 6%, et celui de métastases pulmonaires de 19 à 6%. L'incidence des métastases ganglionnaires cervicales, par contre, est restée de 88% depuis 54 ans. Le cancer était papillaire ou folliculaire dans 93% des cas. Soixante-neuf patients (89%) ont eu une thyroïdectomie totale, soit d'embl%ee soit secondairement. La thérapeutique des métastases ganglionnaires a varié depuis l'exérèse régionale et le curage ganglionnaire cervical. Le taux global de paralysie récurrentielle et de l'hypoparathyroïde était de 4.5%, mais aucune de ces deux complications n'a été observée pour les enfants opérés dans notre centre au cours des 25 dernières années. Parmi les 33 derniers patients, le taux de tissu résiduel ou de récidive était bas. Dans 21% des cas, il persistait du tissu néoplasique après chirurgie, sans récidive. Quatre-vingt pour cent de ces patients ont eu un traitement par l'iode 131. La mortalité à distance était de 2.2%. Nous continuous de recommander une thyroïdectomie totale, une lymphadénectomie cervicale et une iodothérapie post-opératoire par l'iode 131 comme le traitement les plus conservateurs du cancer différencié de la thyroïde chez l'enfant. Ochenta y nueve niños y adolescentes (72 de sexo femenino y 17 de sexo masculino) fuiron tratados por carcinoma tiroideo diferenciado en el Centro Médico de la Universidad de Michigan; 58 de estos pacientes fueron reportados por primera vez en 1971. Treinta pacientes (34%) tenían historia de irradiación a la cabeza y el cuello; sin embargo, solamente uno de los últimos 33 (3%) presentó tal historia. Los pacientes vistos entre 1971 y 1990 exhibían enfermedad menos avanzada que aquellos vistos previamente. Así mismo, la incidencia de adenopatías cervicales palpables descendió de 63% a 36%, la de infiltración local por cáncer primario de 31% a 6% y la de metástasis pulmonares iniciales de 19% a 6%. La incidencia de metástasis ganglionares cervicales se ha mantenido en 88% por 54 años. La variante papilar o folicular del carcinoma papilar se encontró en 93% de los pacientes de la serie. Setenta y nueve pacientes (89%) fueron sometidos a toroidectomía total o a reoperación para completar la tiroidectomía total. El manejo quirúrgico de las metástasis linfáticas varió desde la resección regional de los ganglios hasta la disección radical del cuello. La tasa global de lesión accidental, permanente o temporal, del nervio recurrente laríngeo y de hopoparatiroidismo fue 4.5%, aunque ninguna de estas complicaciones ha ocurrido en un niño o en un adolescente sometido a cirugía en nuestro centro médico en los últimos 25 años. Los últimos 33 pacientes exhibieron una tasa reducida de persistencia o de recurrencia local/regional. La persistencia ganglionar cervical se presentó en 21% de los casos; no hubo recurrencias tiroideas. Ochenta y dos por ciento de los pacientes recibió 131 I. La tassa de mortalidad a largo plazo fui 2.2%. Nuestro grupo continúa preconizando tiroidectomía total, disección ganglionar cervical y terapia postoperatoria con 131 I como la modalidad terapéutica más conservadora en carcinoma diferenciado de la glándula tiroidea en la niñez.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/41290/1/268_2005_Article_BF02067317.pd

Star clusters near and far; tracing star formation across cosmic time

© 2020 Springer-Verlag. The final publication is available at Springer via https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00690-x.Star clusters are fundamental units of stellar feedback and unique tracers of their host galactic properties. In this review, we will first focus on their constituents, i.e.\ detailed insight into their stellar populations and their surrounding ionised, warm, neutral, and molecular gas. We, then, move beyond the Local Group to review star cluster populations at various evolutionary stages, and in diverse galactic environmental conditions accessible in the local Universe. At high redshift, where conditions for cluster formation and evolution are more extreme, we are only able to observe the integrated light of a handful of objects that we believe will become globular clusters. We therefore discuss how numerical and analytical methods, informed by the observed properties of cluster populations in the local Universe, are used to develop sophisticated simulations potentially capable of disentangling the genetic map of galaxy formation and assembly that is carried by globular cluster populations.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

TESS Delivers Five New Hot Giant Planets Orbiting Bright Stars from the Full-frame Images

We present the discovery and characterization of five hot and warm Jupiters - TOI-628 b (TIC 281408474; HD 288842), TOI-640 b (TIC 147977348), TOI-1333 b (TIC 395171208, BD+47 3521A), TOI-1478 b (TIC 409794137), and TOI-1601 b (TIC 139375960) - based on data from NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). The five planets were identified from the full-frame images and were confirmed through a series of photometric and spectroscopic follow-up observations by the TESS Follow-up Observing Program Working Group. The planets are all Jovian size (R P = 1.01-1.77 R J) and have masses that range from 0.85 to 6.33 M J. The host stars of these systems have F and G spectral types (5595 ≤ T eff ≤ 6460 K) and are all relatively bright (9.5 1.7 R J, possibly a result of its host star's evolution) and resides on an orbit with a period longer than 5 days. TOI-628 b is the most massive, hot Jupiter discovered to date by TESS with a measured mass of 6.31-0.30+0.28 M J and a statistically significant, nonzero orbital eccentricity of e = 0.074-0.022+0.021. This planet would not have had enough time to circularize through tidal forces from our analysis, suggesting that it might be remnant eccentricity from its migration. The longest-period planet in this sample, TOI-1478 b (P = 10.18 days), is a warm Jupiter in a circular orbit around a near-solar analog. NASA's TESS mission is continuing to increase the sample of well-characterized hot and warm Jupiters, complementing its primary mission goals

KELT-25 b and KELT-26 b: A Hot Jupiter and a Substellar Companion Transiting Young A Stars Observed by TESS

We present the discoveries of KELT-25 b (TIC 65412605, TOI-626.01) and KELT-26 b (TIC 160708862, TOI-1337.01), two transiting companions orbiting relatively bright, early A stars. The transit signals were initially detected by the KELT survey and subsequently confirmed by Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) photometry. KELT-25 b is on a 4.40 day orbit around the V = 9.66 star CD-24 5016 (Teff=8280-180+440 K, M ∗ = 2.18-0.11+0.12 M o˙), while KELT-26 b is on a 3.34 day orbit around the V = 9.95 star HD 134004 (Teff = 8640-240+500 K, M ∗ = 1.93-0.16+0.14 M o˙), which is likely an Am star. We have confirmed the substellar nature of both companions through detailed characterization of each system using ground-based and TESS photometry, radial velocity measurements, Doppler tomography, and high-resolution imaging. For KELT-25, we determine a companion radius of R P = 1.64-0.043+0.039 R J and a 3σ upper limit on the companion's mass of ∼64 M J. For KELT-26 b, we infer a planetary mass and radius of M P = 1.41-0.51+0.43MJ and R P = 1.94-0.058+0.060 R J. From Doppler tomographic observations, we find KELT-26 b to reside in a highly misaligned orbit. This conclusion is weakly corroborated by a subtle asymmetry in the transit light curve from the TESS data. KELT-25 b appears to be in a well-aligned, prograde orbit, and the system is likely a member of the cluster Theia 449