A Method for Analyzing the Ubiquitination and Degradation of Aurora-A

The cell cycle machinery consists of regulatory proteins that control the progression through the cell cycle ensuring that DNA replication alternates with DNA segregation in mitosis to maintain cell integrity. Some of these key regulators have to be degraded at each cell cycle to prevent cellular dysfunction. Mitotic exit requires the inactivation of cyclin dependent kinase1 (cdk1) and it is the degradation of the cyclin subunit that inactivates the kinase. Cyclin degradation has been well characterized and it was shown that it is ubiquitin proteasome pathway that leads to the elimination of cyclins. By now, many other regulatory proteins were shown to be degraded by the same pathway, among them members of the aurora kinase family, degraded many other regulatory proteins. Aurora kinases are involved in mitotic spindle formation as well as in cytokinesis. The abundance and activity of the kinase is precisely regulated during the cell cycle. To understand how proteolysis regulates transitions through the cell cycle we describe two assays for ubiquitination and degradation of xenopus aurora kinase A using extracts from xenopus eggs or somatic cell lines

Experimental evolution reveals that sperm competition intensity selects for longer, more costly sperm

It is the differences between sperm and eggs that fundamentally underpin the differences between the sexes within reproduction. For males, it is theorized that widespread sperm competition leads to selection for investment in sperm numbers, achieved by minimizing sperm size within limited resources for spermatogenesis in the testis. Here, we empirically examine how sperm competition shapes sperm size, after more than 77 generations of experimental selection of replicate lines under either high or low sperm competition intensities in the promiscuous flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. After this experimental evolution, populations had diverged significantly in their sperm competitiveness, with sperm in ejaculates from males evolving under high sperm competition intensities gaining 20% greater paternity than sperm in ejaculates from males that had evolved under low sperm competition intensity. Males did not change their relative investment into sperm production following this experimental evolution, showing no difference in testis sizes between high and low intensity regimes. However, the more competitive males from high sperm competition intensity regimes had evolved significantly longer sperm and, across six independently selected lines, there was a significant association between the degree of divergence in sperm length and average sperm competitiveness. To determine whether such sperm elongation is costly, we used dietary restriction experiments, and revealed that protein-restricted males produced significantly shorter sperm. Our findings therefore demonstrate that sperm competition intensity can exert positive directional selection on sperm size, despite this being a costly reproductive trait

Transperineal saturation biopsy of the prostate: methods, results and complications

According to the results of clinical and pathological studies saturation biopsy are more accurate in comparison with standard techniques. However, the use of this technique as a primary technique is impractical. Clinical relevance with negative initial biopsy results and steady increase in PSA levels and I or the presence of foci according to transrectal ultrasound, and the presence of atypia (ASAP). Increasing the number of biopsies to determine the stage of disease as true. At the same time, a clear positioning of tumor focus is also an important factor. Using a template coordinate system with locking arrangement biopsy cores is a promising technique in the diagnosis of prostate cancer.По результатам клинического и патологического исследования биопсии насыщения являются более точными по сравнению со стандартными методами. Однако использование этого метода в качестве основного метода является непрактичным. Клиническая значимость с отрицательной начальной результаты биопсии и постоянного увеличения уровня ПСА и / или наличия очагов в соответствии с трансректальное УЗИ, и наличием атипии (ASAP). Увеличение количества биопсий для определения стадии заболевания, как правда. В то же время, четкое позиционирование опухолевого очага также является важным фактором. Использование системы координат шаблон с блокировкой ядра аранжировки биопсии является перспективным методом в диагностике рака предстательной железы

On the results of early diagnosis and treatment of patients with localized prostate cancer in a large industrial region

The main indicators of organization of urological care in Sverdlovsk region were analyzed. The structure of urological and oncourological morbidity in dynamic from 2000 to 2018 was presented. The data of the personnel structure and bed stock of urological service was shown. The effective methods of men treatment with prostate cancer in the year of 45-80 by the modern methods of SOKB №1: brachytherapy, robot-assisted operations, ultrasound ablation HiFU, radical prostatectomy, laser ablation, hormonotherapy – allow us to prove for the soon improvement and use in regions of Sverdlovsk region (Governor’s program “Urological men’s health» in Sverdlovsk region)Проанализированы основные показатели организации урологической помощи в Свердловской области. Представлена структура урологической и онкоурологической заболеваемости в динамике с 2000 по 2018 гг. Приведены данные о кадровом составе и коечном фонде урологической службы. эффективные методы. Лечения мужчин больных раком простаты в возрасте 45-80 лет современными методами СокБ№1: брахитерапия, робот-ассистированные операции, ультразвуковая абляция HiFU, радикальная простатэктомия, лазерная абляция, гормонотерапия и др. позволяют рассчитывать на их скорейшее развитие и внедрение в районах нашей области (Губернаторская программа «Урологическое здоровье мужчины» в Свердловской области)

CENP-32 is required to maintain centrosomal dominance in bipolar spindle assembly

Centrosomes nucleate spindle formation, direct spindle pole positioning, and are important for proper chromosome segregation during mitosis in most animal cells. We previously reported that centromere protein 32 (CENP-32) is required for centrosome association with spindle poles during metaphase. In this study, we show that CENP-32 depletion seems to release centrosomes from bipolar spindles whose assembly they had previously initiated. Remarkably, the resulting anastral spindles function normally, aligning the chromosomes to a metaphase plate and entering anaphase without detectable interference from the free centrosomes, which appear to behave as free asters in these cells. The free asters, which contain reduced but significant levels of CDK5RAP2, show weak interactions with spindle microtubules but do not seem to make productive attachments to kinetochores. Thus CENP-32 appears to be required for centrosomes to integrate into a fully functional spindle that not only nucleates astral microtubules, but also is able to nucleate and bind to kinetochore and central spindle microtubules. Additional data suggest that NuMA tethers microtubules at the anastral spindle poles and that augmin is required for centrosome detachment after CENP-32 depletion, possibly due to an imbalance of forces within the spindle

Ultrastructure of erythrocytic stages of avian

A globule frequently refractory, appearing blue, pale blue, or white with Giemsa stain, is characteristic of the intraerythrocytic stages of the type species and of most of the other species included at present in the sub-genus Novyella. This globule is absent from the other Plasmodium sub-genera. An ultrastructural study has been performed on schizogonic stages of Plasmodium merulae from the blood of the blackbird, Turdus merula. In section the globule contains a finely granular substance suggesting a condensed or coagulated substance. It differs distinctly from a classical food vacuole by denser contents, and show in some sections (19, 23) a peripheral opaque rim with a radial arrangement of ribosomes. Except for the presence of the globule, in other details P. merulae do not diverge from the ultrastructure common to the intraerythrocytic stages of avian Plasmodium

Ultrastructure of erythrocytic stages of avian Plasmodium spp. of the sub-genus Novyella and its “globule”

A globule frequently refractory, appearing blue, pale blue, or white with Giemsa stain, is characteristic of the intraerythrocytic stages of the type species and of most of the other species included at present in the sub-genus Novyella. This globule is absent from the other Plasmodium sub-genera. An ultrastructural study has been performed on schizogonic stages of Plasmodium merulae from the blood of the blackbird, Turdus merula. In section the globule contains a finely granular substance suggesting a condensed or coagulated substance. It differs distinctly from a classical food vacuole by denser contents, and show in some sections (19, 23) a peripheral opaque rim with a radial arrangement of ribosomes. Except for the presence of the globule, in other details P. merulae do not diverge from the ultrastructure common to the intraerythrocytic stages of avian Plasmodium