Increasing the Production of Carotenoids in Chlorella sorokiniana IG-W-96 by Changing the Concentration of Nutrients and Phytohormones

Introduction  Carotenoids have many effects on human health. These compounds are produced by plants and microalgae. The extraction of carotenoids from microalgae such as Chlorella has received much attention, since microalgae grow all year round (regardless of the season) and at a much faster rate than plants in non-arable lands. The aim of this research was to optimize the concentrations of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous) in the growth medium of microalgae with the objective of maximizing carotenoids content. At the optimized nutrient conditions, the effect of phytohormones on production of carotenoids using Chlorella sorokiniana IG-W-96 was investigated.   Materials and Methods Chlorella sorokiniana IG-W-96 was cultivated in BG11 growth medium with light intensity of 25000 lux and light: dark cycle of 16: 8 supplied with compressed air flow of 0.5 vvm containing 6% vol carbon dioxide. Under three concentrations of nitrate (0.04, 0.25, 1.5 ) and three concentrations of phophate (0.01, 0.04, 0.16 ) and carotenoid concentration was measured. Full factorial experimnetal design was performed and the resuts of the experiments were analyzed using Minitab (ver. 21.01.1). Finally, the best concentrations of nitrate and phosphate were chosen for pigments production, and at that concentration, naphthalene acetic acid (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 and 12 ppm) was added to the culture medium to check its effect on pigments production. By measuring the dry weight of C. sorokiniana, its growth rate was determined. After extracting the pigments with solvent, the concentration of the pigments was determined by measuring the amount of light absorption.   Results and Discussion Dry weight The results showed that the highest amount of dry weight was related to the treatment with nitrate amount of 0.25 , and nitrate more and less than this amount caused a decrease in growth. This result was not dependent on the amount of phosphate and was true for all phosphate concentrations. Nitrate reduction from 1.5 to 0.25 increased the growth of microalgae up to 81.8%, so that the dry weight of 0.88  reached 1.6 . However,  reduction of nitrate from 0.25 to 0.04  decreased the dry weight by 65.6%. In order to reach the maximum growth rate, it is necessary to determine the appropriate concentration of each nutrient.   Carotenoids Unlike the dry weight, not only the pigment production did not decrease with the excessive of nitrate concentration, but also the maximum amount of pigment production was related to the treatment with the maximum amount of nitrate concentration. Based on the results obtained, the concentration of carotenoids was higher in the concentration of 1.5  of nitrate and 0.04  of phosphate (6.7 ). When the nitrate concentration was very low (0.04 ), changing the phosphate concentration had no significant effect on the production rate of any of the pigments. Only when the nitrate concentration was high (1.5 ), change in phosphate concentration caused a change in pigments concentration. The increase of phosphate concentration from 0.01 to 0.04 increased the carotenoids concentration to 1.65-fold. Of course, increasing phosphate concentration to 0.16 did not affect the pigments concentration.  Based on the statistical analysis, the P-value<0.05 indicated that the effect of the factors and the model was significant. In this situation, in order to increase the production of carotenoids, naphthalene acetic acid was added to the phytohormone culture medium. At the optimal concentration of 2.5 ppm of naphthalene acetic acid, the concentration of carotenoids increased by 26.71% and reached 8.49 . However, phytohormone had no significant effect on dry weight.   Conclusion Carotenoid production using microalgae could be maximized through optimization of nutrients concentrations (nitrate and phosphate) in the growth medium. Phytohormones could further increase the prodcution of carotenoids at optimum concnetrations

The role of fibromodulin in cancer pathogenesis: Implications for diagnosis and therapy

Fibromodulin (FMOD) is known as one of very important extracellular matrix small leucine-rich proteoglycans. This small leucine-rich proteoglycan has critical roles in the extracellular matrix organization and necessary for repairing of tissue in many organs. Given that the major task of FMOD is the modulation of collagen fibrillogenesis. However, recently observed that FMOD plays very important roles in the modulation of a variety of pivotal biological processes including angiogenesis, regulation of TGF-β activity, and differentiation of human fibroblasts into pluripotent cells, inflammatory mechanisms, apoptosis and metastatic related phenotypes. Besides these roles, FMOD has been considered as a new tumor-related antigen in some malignancies such as lymphoma, leukemia, and leiomyoma. Taken together, these findings proposed that FMOD could be introduced as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in treatment of various cancers. Herein, for first time, we highlighted the various roles of FMOD in the cancerous conditions. Moreover, we summarized the diagnostic and therapeutic applications of FMOD in cancer therapy. © 2019 The Author(s)

Three options for citation tracking: Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science

BACKGROUND: Researchers turn to citation tracking to find the most influential articles for a particular topic and to see how often their own published papers are cited. For years researchers looking for this type of information had only one resource to consult: the Web of Science from Thomson Scientific. In 2004 two competitors emerged – Scopus from Elsevier and Google Scholar from Google. The research reported here uses citation analysis in an observational study examining these three databases; comparing citation counts for articles from two disciplines (oncology and condensed matter physics) and two years (1993 and 2003) to test the hypothesis that the different scholarly publication coverage provided by the three search tools will lead to different citation counts from each. METHODS: Eleven journal titles with varying impact factors were selected from each discipline (oncology and condensed matter physics) using the Journal Citation Reports (JCR). All articles published in the selected titles were retrieved for the years 1993 and 2003, and a stratified random sample of articles was chosen, resulting in four sets of articles. During the week of November 7–12, 2005, the citation counts for each research article were extracted from the three sources. The actual citing references for a subset of the articles published in 2003 were also gathered from each of the three sources. RESULTS: For oncology 1993 Web of Science returned the highest average number of citations, 45.3. Scopus returned the highest average number of citations (8.9) for oncology 2003. Web of Science returned the highest number of citations for condensed matter physics 1993 and 2003 (22.5 and 3.9 respectively). The data showed a significant difference in the mean citation rates between all pairs of resources except between Google Scholar and Scopus for condensed matter physics 2003. For articles published in 2003 Google Scholar returned the largest amount of unique citing material for oncology and Web of Science returned the most for condensed matter physics. CONCLUSION: This study did not identify any one of these three resources as the answer to all citation tracking needs. Scopus showed strength in providing citing literature for current (2003) oncology articles, while Web of Science produced more citing material for 2003 and 1993 condensed matter physics, and 1993 oncology articles. All three tools returned some unique material. Our data indicate that the question of which tool provides the most complete set of citing literature may depend on the subject and publication year of a given article

Nanotechnology in peripheral nerve repair and reconstruction

The recent progress in biomaterials science and development of tubular conduits (TCs) still fails in solving the current challenges in the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs), in particular when disease-related and long-gap defects need to be addressed. Nanotechnology-based therapies that seemed unreachable in the past are now being considered for the repair and reconstruction of PNIs, having the power to deliver bioactive molecules in a controlled manner, to tune cellular behavior, and ultimately guide tissue regeneration in an effective manner. It also offers opportunities in the imaging field, with a degree of precision never achieved before, which is useful for diagnosis, surgery and in the patientâ s follow-up. Nanotechnology approaches applied in PNI regeneration and theranostics, emphasizing the ones that are moving from the lab bench to the clinics, are herein overviewed.The authors acknowledge the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) for the financial support provided to Joaquim M. Oliveira (IF/01285/2015) and Joana Silva-Correia (IF/00115/2015) under the program “Investigador FCT”.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Webometrics benefitting from web mining? An investigation of methods and applications of two research fields

Webometrics and web mining are two fields where research is focused on quantitative analyses of the web. This literature review outlines definitions of the fields, and then focuses on their methods and applications. It also discusses the potential of closer contact and collaboration between them. A key difference between the fields is that webometrics has focused on exploratory studies, whereas web mining has been dominated by studies focusing on development of methods and algorithms. Differences in type of data can also be seen, with webometrics more focused on analyses of the structure of the web and web mining more focused on web content and usage, even though both fields have been embracing the possibilities of user generated content. It is concluded that research problems where big data is needed can benefit from collaboration between webometricians, with their tradition of exploratory studies, and web miners, with their tradition of developing methods and algorithms

Data for: Cross-cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Assessment of a Persian Version of Proctor&apos;s Developmental Vocal Assessment Protocol: Description of Persian Infant Vocal Development

Raw data of our pretesting P-DVAP on 202 familiesTHIS DATASET IS ARCHIVED AT DANS/EASY, BUT NOT ACCESSIBLE HERE. TO VIEW A LIST OF FILES AND ACCESS THE FILES IN THIS DATASET CLICK ON THE DOI-LINK ABOV