Barriers to HIV Testing in Côte d'Ivoire: The Role of Individual Characteristics and Testing Modalities

BACKGROUND: Expanding HIV testing requires a better understanding of barriers to its uptake. We investigated barriers to HIV testing in Côte d'Ivoire, taking into account test circumstances (client vs. provider-initiated). METHODS: We used data from the 2005 nationally representative Demographic and Health Survey conducted in Côte d'Ivoire. Socio-demographic characteristics, sexual behaviour and knowledge and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS associated with recent (<2 years) HIV testing were identified using gender-specific univariate and multivariate logistic regressions. Among women, differential effects of barriers to testing according to test circumstance (whether they have been offered for a prenatal test or not) were assessed through interaction tests. RESULTS: Recent HIV testing was reported by 6.1% of men and 9.5% of women (including 4.6% as part of antenatal care). Among men, having a low socioeconomic status, having a low HIV-related knowledge level and being employed [compared to those inactive: adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) 0.46; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.25-0.87] were associated with lower proportions of recent HIV testing. Among women without a prenatal HIV testing offer, living outside the capital (aOR 0.38; CI 0.19-0.77) and reporting a unique lifetime sexual partner constituted additional barriers to HIV testing. By contrast, among women recently offered to be tested in prenatal care, none of these variables was found to be associated with recent HIV testing. CONCLUSIONS: Various dimensions of individuals' characteristics constituted significant barriers to HIV testing in Côte d'Ivoire in 2005, with gender specificities. Such barriers are substantially reduced when testing was proposed in the framework of antenatal care. This suggests that provider-initiated testing strategies may help overcome individual barriers to HIV testing

Strategy of Nannochloropsis Against Environment Starvation: Population Density and Crude Lipid Contents

Nannochloropsis sp., an unicellular marine microalgae, has potential function as a food source for fish larvae and in chemical industry. Microenvironmental conditions, especially nitrogen and salinity stress in marine ecosystems, became major factor affecting the growth of Nannochloropsis sp.The aim of the experiment was to study effect of different salinities and nitrogen dosages to the growth and lipid contents of Nannochloropsis sp. cells.The experiment was arranged in factorial with three replicates. The first factor was salinity (28 ppt and 38 ppt), and the second factor was nitrogen dosage (100% and 50%). Results of the experiments indicated that nitrogen starvation and high saline concentration affected cell density of Nannochloropsis sp. in different level. The results showed that combination treatments of nitrogen starvation and salinity reduced cell density (treatmant A, B, and D), except in treatment C. Combination of high salinity and high N dosages resulted ini steady growth of Nannochloropsis sp. These results suggest that Nannochloropsis sp. are able to overcome salinity stress (38 ppt) in the presence of optimum concentration of nitrogen in the growth cultures.The results also shows that there were no significant differences of crude lipid content between treatments and no correlation between population density and crude lipid content. These results suggest that no simple correlation between population density and crude lipid concentration. On the other hand, population density was not the only factor affected crude lipid concentration in the microalgae cell

Biomass Nutrient Profiles of Marine Microalgae Dunaliella Salina

The unconventional micro algal sources for the production of feed, food, food additive, pharmaceutical, and fine chemical is growing in important. Researches in the field are expanding worldwide. Nutritional composition of marine micro algae Dunaliella salina data included proximate composition, nitrate, RNA, and pigments were analyzed under various conditions in semi cultured medium. On average, nutritional composition of biomass was highly influenced by external irradiance and residence time in bioreactor. The biomass collected for short residence times was richer in protein

Konstruk Filsafat dan Agama dalam Bingkai Peradaban Islam

KONSTRUK FILSAFAT DAN AGAMA DALAM BINGKAI PERADABAN ISLAM Oleh: Moh. Rofik Fitrotulloh Pusat Pengembangan Bahasa Arab (PPBA) UIN Maliki Malang. Tlp. 085334441200. e-mail: [email protected]

Pengaruh Bauran Pemasaran Jasa Terhadap Keputusan Dan Kepuasan Konsumen Dalam Menggunakan Jasa Ekspedisi Pada PT. Samas Agung Di Sulawesi Tengah

PT. Samas Agung is a shipping expedition company and implements contemporary service marketing system. The management of the company adopts service marketing mix strategies on product, place, price, promotion, people, productivity, and quality, process, and physical evidence. Yet, the operation is still ineffective. Therefore, this research intends to explore service marketing mix and its effect on customers ' decisions and satisfaction by using Structural Equation Model (SEM). The result indicates a significant influence of product, place, price, promotion, people, productivity and quality, process, and physical evidence on customers ‘ decision; and decision has a significant effect on customers ‘ satisfaction. This study suggests that the results can be used to maintain or improve customers ‘ satisfaction. In addition, the company is required to improve its marketing mix strategy in its policy implementation and market penetration

Whistle Blower dan Crown Witness dalam Proses Peradilan

Explanation of eyewitness is important factor in proting truth in a conference process, this thing is drawn to explains by placing description of eyewitness in first sequence above equipment of other evidence. Remembers position of eyewitness of vital importance in process of court, from criminal court, hence required an institute which able to give guarantee to protection of eyewitness. In Indonesian, term whistle blower unknown to in the law and regulation. Whistle blower can be meant them reporting existence of a crime without involving in the crime, mean doesn follow in crime. Whereas crown witness can mean accused ready to assist investigator to express all crime and unfolds all involving performer. Protection of eyewitness and victim hardly need to be done for the shake of fluency solving af a case. Imaginable f only eyewitness only be aside it go hang after completed executing duty as eyewitness. Feeling is not safe and sneaking would always haunts just for who coincidently becomes eyewitness, because it is not impossible threat in the form of terror even threat will lose soul would come every when

Ruang Publik dan Ekspresi Politik Identitas (Studi Tentang Pergulatan Identitas Ke-Papua-an di YOGYAKARTA)

Study on the dynamics of communities of Papua and its identity. Giddens statement of that identity is a social construction that can be formed in space and time. For the author of the Papua community is a unique community, not only the striking racial differences but they are very ideologically in fighting for his rights in Yogyakarta. This paper tries to answer the question of how the condition of identity of which belonged to someone after constructed? What is done with the collective identity after formed?. This research is the study of the field with a qualitative approach

Pengaruh Keterampilan Dan Pengalaman Kerja Terhadap Pengembangan Karir Pegawai Pada Dinas Pendidikan Kabupaten Donggala

The research is intended to explore: 1) the influence of skill and work experience on career development of officials in The Department of Education, Donggala Regency; 2) the influence of skill on career development of officials in The Department of Education, Donggala Regency; 3) influence of work experience on career development of officials in The Department of Education, Donggala Regency. This research is casual analysis that involves 34 respondents that were selected trough census sampling method. Based on the results of multiple linear regressions, it is found that: 1) skill and work experience simultaneously affect career development of officials in The Department of Education, Donggala Regency, both positively and significantly; 2) skill positively and significantly affect career development of officials in The Department of Education, Donggala Regency; 3) work experience positively and significantly affect career development of officials in The Department of Education, Donggala Regency

PERILAKU KEAGAMAAN SISWA MTs RIYADLUL ULUM BENDUNGAN KECAMATAN PANGENAN DENGAN SMP NEGERI 2 SEDONG KECAMATAN SEDONG KABUPATEN CIREBON TAHUN 2012

R. Moh. Al Bana: Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh adanya perbedaan perilaku keseharian antara siswa MTs Riyadlul ‘Ulum Bendungan Kecamatan Pangenan dengan SMP Negeri 2 Sedong. Siswa MTs Riyadlul ‘Ulum Bendungan Kecamatan Pangenan yang institusinya berada di bawah naungan Kementerian Agama, tentunya telah banyak memperoleh materi agama Islam. Jika demikian, seharusnya siswa MTs Riyadlul ‘Ulum Bendungan Kecamatan Pangenan senantiasa menampilkan perilaku keseharian yang sesuai dengan ajaran agama Islam, yakni akhlȃq alkarȋmah. Namun pada kenyataannya, perilaku keseharian siswa MTs Riyadlul ‘Ulum Bendungan Kecamatan Pangenan nampak lebih buruk dibanding siswa SMP Negeri 2 Sedong. Realitas inilah yang mendorong penulis untuk mengetahui sejauh mana perilaku keagamaan siswa MTs Riyadlul ‘Ulum Bendungan Kecamatan Pangenan dan SMP Negeri 2 Sedong, dan menelusuri kemungkinan adanya perbedaan signifikan dalam perilaku keagamaan siswa di kedua sekolah tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan perilaku keagamaan di MTs Riyadlul ‘Ulum Bendungan Kecamatan Pangenan dan SMP Negeri 2 Sedong, serta mengetahui perbedaan perilaku keagamaan siswa di kedua lembaga pendidikan tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisa kualitatif dengan metode pengumpulan informasi menggunakan teknik observasi, wawancara mendalam, dan studi dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa indikator perilaku keagamaan seperti pelaksanaan shalat fardhu, pelaksanaan shalat sunah, pelaksanaan zikir, pelaksanaan bersedekah, pelaksanaan menengok teman yang sakit, dan menjaga kebersihan pada siswa MTs Riyadlul ‘Ulum Bendungan Kecamatan Pangenan dan SMP Negeri 2 Sedong masih tergolong cukup baik. Dan faktor internal, seperti pengetahuan dan penghayatan serta faktor eksternal, seperti keluarga, lingkungan sekolah dan masyarakat masih mempengaruhi perilaku keagamaan di kedua sekolah tersebut

Aspek Hukum Rahasia Bank Di Indonesia

Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana beralihnya rahasia Perusahaan menjadi rahasia bank, dan bagaimana aspek hukum raha­sia bank. Melalui penelitian kepustakaan disimpulkan bahwa: 1. Bank sebagai lembaga keuangan mempunyai kewajiban menjaga dan melindungi rahasia bank yang notabone adalah rahasia Perusahaan yang berada di bank, karena kegiatan USAha tertentu yang menyebabkan rahasia Perusahaan terse­but berada di bank. Kewajiban bank ini terkait erat deng­an amanat hukum dan Perundangan tentang kewajiban menyim­pan rahasia bank walaupun sifatnya rahasia bank adalah terbatas (relatif). 2. Membuka rahasia bank dibolehkan demi untuk kepen­tingan negara dan kepentingan hukum seperti perpajakan, tindak pidana korupsi, dan lain‑lainnya yang menurut ketentuan Perundangan diberikan kewenangan membuka rahasia bank yang juga sebenarnya adalah rahasia Perusahaan di bank yang bersangkutan. Rahasia bank manakala berhubungan dengan persaingan antar Perusahaan, merupakan lingkup yang penting dari Hukum Persaingan Usaha sebagaimana yang di­atur oleh Undang‑undang No. 5 Tahun 1999 tentang Larangan Praktik Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat. Rahasia bank terkait pula dengan keterbatasannya yang menuntut keterbukaan Perusahaan‑Perusahaan karena ke­wajiban mendaftar Perusahaan, dan pemenuhan pelaporan ta­hunan Perusahaan yang menyebabkan sifat rahasia bank men­jadi terbatas. Walaupun demikian, membuka rahasia bank me­rupakan tindak pidana yang diancam hukuman penjara dan den­da yang cukup berat dan besar