Defragmenting public space : a guide for policymakers

While social inequalities remain key features of numerous cities globally, many still manage to provide spaces for collective social life, including public streets, market spaces and parks. Yet many countries today, with growing and significant socio-economic disparities and a rising fear of crime and violence, now see a range of strategies by their wealthiest citizens to avoid public spaces. This avoidance has generated a more fragmented engagement with the city by particular social groups. These processes, including the avoidance of public spaces and normalisation of gated communities, are reshaping cities leaving fewer shared spaces for collective life as public spaces are privatised. This report comes from a dialogue between researchers with interests in the risks and challenges for the public life of cities and these new and growing patterns of segregation and social avoidance. The collaboration between scholars and institutions seeks to understand the increasingly defensive quality of many urban centres and to identify forms of policy, practice and urban interventions capable of ensuring public safety and participation by all citizens. The purpose of this report is to engage researchers and practitioners in the discussion about the risks and challenges associated with urban fragmentation strategies and the means by which safer, more inclusive and liveable public spaces might be achieved

The Chrono-geometrical Structure of Special and General Relativity: a Re-Visitation of Canonical Geometrodynamics

A modern re-visitation of the consequences of the lack of an intrinsic notion of instantaneous 3-space in relativistic theories leads to a reformulation of their kinematical basis emphasizing the role of non-inertial frames centered on an arbitrary accelerated observer. In special relativity the exigence of predictability implies the adoption of the 3+1 point of view, which leads to a well posed initial value problem for field equations in a framework where the change of the convention of synchronization of distant clocks is realized by means of a gauge transformation. This point of view is also at the heart of the canonical approach to metric and tetrad gravity in globally hyperbolic asymptotically flat space-times, where the use of Shanmugadhasan canonical transformations allows the separation of the physical degrees of freedom of the gravitational field (the tidal effects) from the arbitrary gauge variables. Since a global vision of the equivalence principle implies that only global non-inertial frames can exist in general relativity, the gauge variables are naturally interpreted as generalized relativistic inertial effects, which have to be fixed to get a deterministic evolution in a given non-inertial frame. As a consequence, in each Einstein's space-time in this class the whole chrono-geometrical structure, including also the clock synchronization convention, is dynamically determined and a new approach to the Hole Argument leads to the conclusion that "gravitational field" and "space-time" are two faces of the same entity. This view allows to get a classical scenario for the unification of the four interactions in a scheme suited to the description of the solar system or our galaxy with a deperametrization to special relativity and the subsequent possibility to take the non-relativistic limit.Comment: 33 pages, Lectures given at the 42nd Karpacz Winter School of Theoretical Physics, "Current Mathematical Topics in Gravitation and Cosmology", Ladek, Poland, 6-11 February 200

Biodegradation of phenolic compounds present in oil-mill wastewater

Las aguas residuales de la obtención del aceite de oliva o alpechines son responsables de la mayor contaminación medioambiental de Andalucía por su elevada carga de materia orgánica. Su depuración por biometanización es difícil debido a la actividad antimicrobiana de los compuestos fenólícos. Este tipo de sustancias puede eliminarse en gran parte tratando previamente el alpechín por vía aerobia con microorganismos específicos, después de lo cual la depuración anaerobia tiene lugar sin inhibiciones, siendo la constante de velocidad cinco veces superior a la de antes del pretratamiento. En este trabajo se hace un estudio cualitativo de los fenoles por cromatografía en capa fina y cuantitativo de los fenoles totales, orto- y meta-difenoles, así como de la Demanda Química de Oxígeno del alpechín antes del tratamiento, después del pretratamiento y después de la biometanización. Se ha comprobado también la ausencia de leucoantocianinas que pudieran dar origen a fenoles polimerizadosOil-mill wastewater is the main responsible of the pollution in Andalusian due to high content of organic substances. Its depuration by methanization is difficult because of the antimicrobial activity of phenolic derivatives. These compounds can be drastically reduced by a previous aerobic treatment of the oilmill wastewater with specific microorganisms. After this pretreatment, anaerobic depuration takes place without inhibition, the velocity of the reaction being 5 times higher than before the pretreatment. In this paper a qualitative study of the phenols present in oil-mill wastewater by thin layer chromatography has been done. Beside that, quantitative determination of total phenols, ortoand meta-diphenols as well as Chemical Oxigen Demand (COD) before the treatment, after the pretreatment and after biomethanization have been carried out. Finally, leucoanthocyanins that could originate polymerized phenols have not been foun

Kinetics of the anaerobic purification of aerobically prebiotreated olive mill wastewater

Se ha efectuado un estudio cinético del proceso de depuración anaerobia de un alpechín previamente tratado vía aerobia con objeto de eliminar la mayor parte de los compuestos fenólicos responsables de su poder inhibidor. Se utilizan dos reactores anaerobios, uno con soporte Pansil y un Testigo sin relleno, para estudiar la influencia del soporte de inmovilización tanto sobre las constantes biocinéticas como sobre la eficiencia del proceso de digestión anaerobia o biometanización de este alpechín pretratado. A diferencia de lo que ocurre con el alpechín natural, se observa sólo una pequeñísima disminución de las constantes aparentes de velocidad del proceso anaerobio al aumentar la densidad de carga. Por otra parte, no se aprecian fenómenos de inhibición en el proceso de biometanización de este agua residual previamente tratada de forma aerobiaA kinetic study has been carried out on the process of anaerobic purification of an olive mill wastewater pre-treated aerobically to eliminate the greater part of the phenolic compounds responsible for inhibition. Two anaerobic digesters were used, one with Pansil support, and the other a Reference without filling. The aim was to study the influence of the immobilization support both on the biokinetic constants and on the efficiency of the anaerobic digestion process or biomethanization of this pre-treated olive mill wastewater. In contrast to what takes place with natural olive mill wastewater, only a very small decrease in the apparent rate constants of the anaerobic process was observed on increasing load density. At the same time, no inhibition was found in the biomethanization of this aerobically pre-treated wastewate

Ordered interfaces for dual easy axes in liquid crystals

International audienceUsing nCB films adsorbed on MoS 2 substrates studied by x-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, we demonstrate that ordered interfaces with well-defined orientations of adsorbed dipoles induce planar anchoring locked along the adsorbed dipoles or the alkyl chains, which play the role of easy axes. For two alternating orientations of the adsorbed dipoles or dipoles and alkyl chains, bi-stability of anchoring can be obtained. The results are explained using the introduction of fourth order terms in the phenomenological anchoring potential, leading to the demonstration of first order anchoring transition in these systems. Using this phenomenological anchoring potential, we finally show how the nature of anchoring in presence of dual easy axes (inducing bi-stability or average orientation between the two easy axes) can be related to the microscopical nature of the interface. Introduction Understanding the interactions between liquid crystal (LC) and a solid substrate is of clear applied interest, the vast majority of LC displays relying on control of interfaces. However this concerns also fundamental problems like wetting phenomena and all phenomena of orientation of soft matter bulk induced by the presence of an interface. In LCs at interfaces, the so-called easy axes correspond to the favoured orientations of the LC director close to the interface. If one easy axis only is defined for one given interface, the bulk director orients along or close to this axis [1]. It is well known that, in anchoring phenomena, two major effects compete to impose the anchoring directions of a liquid crystal, first, the interactions between molecules and the interface, second, the substrate roughness whose role has been analyzed by Berreman [2]. The influence of adsorbed molecular functional groups at the interface is most often dominant with, for example in carbon substrates, a main influence of unsaturated carbon bonds orientation at the interface [3]. In common LC displays, there is one unique easy axis, but modifications of surfaces have allowed for the discovery of promising new anchoring-related properties. For instance, the first anchoring bi-stability has been established on rough surfaces, associated with electric ordo-polarization [4] and the competition between a stabilizing short-range term and a destabilizing long-range term induced by an external field, can induce a continuous variation of anchoring orientation [5]. More recently, surfaces with several easy axes have been studied extensively. It has been shown that control of a continuous variation of director pretilt, obtained in several systems [6, 7], is associated with the presence of two different easy axes, one perpendicular to the substrate (homeotropic) and one planar [7, 8]. Similar models can explain the continuous evolution of anchoring between two planar orientations observed on some crystalline substrates [9]. However, in the same time, two easy axes can also lead to anchoring bi-stability [10, 11] or discontinuous transitions of anchoring [9], which is not compatible with the model established to interpret observed control of pretilt. In order to be able to predict if bi-stability or continuous combination of the two easy axes occurs for one given system, it becomes necessary to understand the microscopic origin of the easy axes

Cultivares na dieta de macacos-prego barbados, Cebus libidinosus Spix (Primates: Cebidae), em fragmentos florestais no sudeste do Brasil

Capuchin monkeys occupy a wide range of habitats where they feed on fruits, arthropods, and vertebrates. Their large home ranges (80-900 ha) suggest that living in forest fragments may challenge their adaptability. We identified and quantified the main food items of Cebus libidinosus Spix, 1823 in forests fragments (100 ha) in southeastern Brazil. We recorded the feeding activities of two groups using scan sampling over a 13-month period. The diet was composed of fruits, crops, animal prey, seeds, plant matter and undetermined. Fruit was eaten more in the wet season than in the dry season, and maize and sugar cane consumption peaked in the early dry season. The proportion of fruit in the diet was positively correlated with fruiting intensity of zoochorous trees. The plant diet included 54 species, with maize, Rhamnidium elaeocarpus, Acrocomia aculeata, Guazuma ulmifolia and Cariniana, being most important. Although dietary composition and diversity were similar to capuchins in larger forest fragments, feeding on crops attained higher percentages at times when zoochorous fruit production was low in fragments.Macacos-prego ocupam uma vasta gama de ambientes onde alimentam-se de frutos, artrópodes e vertebrados. Suas grandes áreas de vida (80-900 ha) sugerem que viver em fragmentos florestais pode ser um desafio a sua adaptabilidade. Foram identificados e quantificados os principais itens alimentares de Cebus libidinosus Spix, 1823 em fragmentos florestais (100 ha) no sudeste do Brasil. Registraram-se as atividades alimentares de dois grupos usando a varredura instantânea durante um período de 13 meses. A dieta compôs-se de frutos, presas animais, cultivares, sementes, material vegetal e indeterminado. Os frutos foram consumidos mais na estação chuvosa do que na estação seca e o consumo de milho e cana atingiu um pico no início da estação seca. A proporção de frutos na dieta foi positivamente correlacionada com a intensidade de frutificação das árvores zoocóricas. A dieta vegetal incluiu 54 espécies, com milho, Rhamnidium elaeocarpus, Acrocomia aculeata, Guazuma ulmifolia e Cariniana, sendo os mais importantes. Embora a composição da dieta e a diversidade tenham sido similares a grupos de macacos-prego em grandes fragmentos florestais, o uso de cultivares atingiu altas porcentagens em épocas quando a produção de frutos zoocóricos foi baixa nos fragmentos.3239Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

The York map as a Shanmugadhasan canonical transformation in tetrad gravity and the role of non-inertial frames in the geometrical view of the gravitational field

A new parametrization of the 3-metric allows to find explicitly a York map in canonical ADM tetrad gravity, the two pairs of physical tidal degrees of freedom and 14 gauge variables. These gauge quantities (generalized inertial effects) are all configurational except the trace ${}^3K(\tau ,\vec \sigma)$ of the extrinsic curvature of the instantaneous 3-spaces $\Sigma_{\tau}$ (clock synchronization convention) of a non-inertial frame. The Dirac hamiltonian is the sum of the weak ADM energy $E_{ADM} = \int d^3\sigma {\cal E}_{ADM}(\tau ,\vec \sigma)$ (whose density is coordinate-dependent due to the inertial potentials) and of the first-class constraints. Then: i) The explicit form of the Hamilton equations for the two tidal degrees of freedom in an arbitrary gauge: a deterministic evolution can be defined only in a completely fixed gauge, i.e. in a non-inertial frame with its pattern of inertial forces. ii) A general solution of the super-momentum constraints, which shows the existence of a generalized Gribov ambiguity associated to the 3-diffeomorphism gauge group. It influences: a) the explicit form of the weak ADM energy and of the super-momentum constraint; b) the determination of the shift functions and then of the lapse one. iii) The dependence of the Hamilton equations for the two pairs of dynamical gravitational degrees of freedom (the generalized tidal effects) and for the matter, written in a completely fixed 3-orthogonal Schwinger time gauge, upon the gauge variable ${}^3K(\tau ,\vec \sigma)$, determining the convention of clock synchronization. Therefore it should be possible (for instance in the weak field limit but with relativistic motion) to try to check whether in Einstein's theory the {\it dark matter} is a gauge relativistic inertial effect induced by ${}^3K(\tau ,\vec \sigma)$.Comment: 90 page

Validez y fiabilidad de un instrumento para la valoración de la entrevista clínica en médicos residentes de medicina de familia: el cuestionario GATHA-RES

ObjetivoComprobar la validez de contenido, la consistencia interna y la fiabilidad intraobservador de un cuestionario para la evaluación de la comunicación médico-paciente de los residentes de medicina de familia.DiseñoEstudio observacional, de validación de un instrumento de medida.EmplazamientoNivel de atención primaria. Unidades docentes de medicina de familia y comunitaria.Población de estudioPara el análisis de validez, 25 médicos residentes de medicina familiar y comunitaria. Para el análisis de fiabilidad, 48 médicos de la misma especialidad.Mediciones e intervencionesPara la construcción del cuestionario, se partió de una versión (GATHA-BASE), compuesta por 42 ítems seleccionados por un panel compuesto por 60 médicos de familia. Para la validez de contenido, se utilizaron 68 encuentros clínicos con pacientes simulados, que fueron videograbados y evaluados. La validez de contenido del cuestionario se estudió mediante un análisis factorial, y para medir su consistencia interna se calcularon los coeficientes alfa de Cronbach. La fiabilidad intraobservador de la versión GATHA-RES fue evaluada mediante los índices kappa y los coeficientes de correlación intraclase.ResultadosObtuvimos una versión del GATHA-RES con 27 ítems. El análisis factorial reveló la existencia de 9 factores: «empatía», «anamnesis», «bidireccionalidad», «negociación», «información», «miscelánea 1», «miscelánea 2» y «centrado en el paciente», que mostraron una buena correlación con los contenidos teóricos y formales del cuestionario original (inicialmente agrupados en 3 secciones: actitudes, tareas comunicacionales y habilidades). Todos los coeficientes de correlación intraclase presentaron cifras ≥ 0,90.ConclusionesEl cuestionario GATHA-RES es un instrumento válido y fiable que puede ser usado para la evaluación de las habilidades comunicacionales de los médicos de familia en formación.ObjectiveTo check the validity of content, the internal consistency and the intra-observer reliability of a questionnaire to evaluate the doctor-patient communication of family medicine residents.DesignObservation study, to validate a measurement instrument.SettingPrimary care. Family and community medicine teaching units.Study populationFor the validity analysis: 25 family and community medicine residents. For the reliability analysis: 48 doctors in the same speciality.Measurements and interventionsThe questionnaire was constructed on the basis of a version (GATHABASE) composed of 42 items selected by a panel of 60 general practitioners. For content validity, 68 clinical encounters with simulated patients, video-recorded and evaluated, were used. The questionnaire's validity content was studied through a factorial analysis. To measure its internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha coefficients were calculated. Intra-observer reliability of the GATHA-RES version was evaluated through the kappa indexes and the intra-class correlation coefficients.ResultsWe obtained a version of the GATHA-RES with 27 items. The factorial analysis revealed that there were 9 factors («empathy», «anamnesis», «two-way communication», «negotiation», «information», «miscellaneous 1», «miscellaneous 2» and «patient-focused») which showed close correlation with the theoretical and formal contents of the original questionnaire (originally grouped in three sections: attitudes, communication tasks and skills). All the intraclass correlation coefficients had figures ≥ 0.90.ConclusionsThe GATHA-RES questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument that can be used for evaluating the communication skills of general practitioners in training

Bioecologia, danos e controle de Diaphorina citri e do Huanglongbing em citros e resultado do monitoramento e zoneamento para o Rio Grande do Sul.

bitstream/item/110937/1/Documento-363-web.pd

Estudo de Solos do Município de Erval Seco, RS.

bitstream/item/46946/1/circular-111.pdf; bitstream/item/46947/1/ErvalSeco-aptidaoagricola93.pdf; bitstream/item/46948/1/ErvalSeco-capacidadeuso93.pdf; bitstream/item/46950/1/ErvalSeco-relevo93.pdf; bitstream/item/46951/1/ErvalSeco-solos93.pd