METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO INTEGRATE A GIS-BASED ANALYSIS INTO THE DESIGN OF CULTURAL ITINERARIES IN THE FRAMEWORK OF AN INTEGRATED PLAN FOR TERRITORY

Abstract. The historical concept of heritage, which mostly comprised physical architectural and archaeological evidences, has been extended to the surrounding landscape in the last decades. This tendency has been corroborated by a series of International Charters and the European Landscape Convention of 2000. Landscape, understood as the perceptible part of territory that supports the contingencies throughout history, is subject to protection, management and planning. However, some inherent aspects of territory have been disregarded because of the frantic enlargement of cities throughout the twentieth century at the expense of the rural areas. Territorial heritage, which is fundamental to cultural landscape formation, is currently considered a strategic resource able to guarantee self-sustaining development of peri-urban and rural zones. In many cases, urban investments and planning associated to the enlargement of the metropolitan areas have overlooked this fruitful territorial heritage, making cultural landscapes illegible. This is the case of the cultural landscapes in the buffer zones of the archaeological sites, which are part of a diffuse territorial heritage that requires to be assessed by means of some innovative approaches. Cultural itineraries are presented as a landscape architecture strategy for valorising territorial heritage. Well-targeted design of these itineraries can also contribute to restore the dynamics of cultural landscape formation and to regenerate peri-urban and rural areas by promoting its self-sustaining development. To that end, the conceptualisation and hypotheses posed by some authors of the Società dei Territorialisti/e are used as references. A work methodology to design cultural itineraries is suggested in line with the presumptions of an integrated plan for territory aimed to valorise the territorial heritage. This paper explores in which way a GIS-based analysis can be integrated into the design of a landscape architecture like the cultural itinerary

Tribological behavior of electric vehicle transmission oils using Al2O3 nanoadditives

Antifriction and antiwear performances of Al2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) as additives of an automatic transmission fluid, ATF, are presented in this research. For this purpose, four nanodispersions were formulated: ATF + 0.05 wt% Al2O3 NPs, ATF + 0.10 wt% Al2O3 NPs, ATF + 0.15 wt% Al2O3 NPs and ATF + 0.20 wt% Al2O3 NPs to identify the optimal concentration of additive. Tribological experiments were taken at pure sliding conditions, with the formulated nanolubricants and the ATF, under a working load of 20 N. The four nanolubricants tested resulted in lower friction coefficients than those obtained using ATF, reaching a maximum reduction of 6 % with the ATF + 0.10 wt% Al2O3 nanolubricant. The tribological pairs tested with the Al2O3 nanolubricants show lower wear than those tested with the ATF, having the best wear decrease with the ATF + 0.10 wt% Al2O3 nanolubricant, with reductions of 45, 57 and 78 %, respectively, in diameter, depth and area of the wear scar. Furthermore, by means of confocal Raman microscopy, roughness evaluation and SEM-EDX of the worn tribological specimens, it can be determined that mending, tribo-sintering as well as rolling mechanisms occur.This research is supported by Xunta de Galicia (ED431C 2020/10) and by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 through the PID2020-112846RB-C22 project. JMLdR is grateful for financial support through the Margarita Salas program, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and “NextGenerationEU/PRTR”. Furthermore, authors are also grateful to Repsol Lubricants for providing the ATF and to RIAIDT-USC for its analytical facilities.S

Bioclimatology, structure, and conservation perspectives of Quercus pyrenaica, Acer opalus subsp. Granatensis, and Corylus avellana deciduous forests on Mediterranean bioclimate in the South-Central part of the Iberian Peninsula

The plant variability in the southern Iberian Peninsula consists of around 3500 different taxa due to its high bioclimatic, geographic, and geological diversity. The deciduous forests in the southern Iberian Peninsula are located in regions with topographies and specific bioclimatic conditions that allow for the survival of taxa that are typical of cooler and wetter bioclimatic regions and therefore represent the relict evidence of colder and more humid paleoclimatic conditions. The floristic composition of 421 samples of deciduous forests in the south-central part of the Iberian Peninsula were analyzed. The ecological importance index (IVI) was calculated, where the most important tree species were Quercuspyrenaica, Aceropalus subsp. Granatensis, and Corylusavellana. These species are uncommon in the south-central part of the Iberian Peninsula, forming forests of little extension. An analysis of the vertical distribution of the species (stratum) shows that the majority of the species of stratum 3 (hemicriptophics, camephytes, geophites, and nanophanerophytes) are characteristic of deciduous forests, and their presence is positively correlated with high values of bioclimatic variables related to humidity and presence of water in the soil (nemoral environments), while they are negatively correlated with high values of bioclimatic variables related to high temperatures, evapotranspiration, and aridity. This work demonstrates that several characteristic deciduous forest taxa are more vulnerable to disappearance due to the loss of their nemoral conditions caused by gaps in the tree or shrub canopy. These gaps lead to an increase in evapotranspiration, excess insolation, and a consequent loss of water and humidity in the microclimatic conditions.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Examples of signature (2,2) manifolds with commuting curvature operators

We exhibit Walker manifolds of signature (2,2) with various commutativity properties for the Ricci operator, the skew-symmetric curvature operator, and the Jacobi operator. If the Walker metric is a Riemannian extension of an underlying affine structure A, these properties are related to the Ricci tensor of A

Four-dimensional homogeneous critical metrics for quadratic curvature functionals

We determine all homogeneous metrics which are critical for some quadratic curvature functional in dimension four

Measuring the evolution of contemporary western popular music

Popular music is a key cultural expression that has captured listeners' attention for ages. Many of the structural regularities underlying musical discourse are yet to be discovered and, accordingly, their historical evolution remains formally unknown. Here we unveil a number of patterns and metrics characterizing the generic usage of primary musical facets such as pitch, timbre, and loudness in contemporary western popular music. Many of these patterns and metrics have been consistently stable for a period of more than fifty years, thus pointing towards a great degree of conventionalism. Nonetheless, we prove important changes or trends related to the restriction of pitch transitions, the homogenization of the timbral palette, and the growing loudness levels. This suggests that our perception of the new would be rooted on these changing characteristics. Hence, an old tune could perfectly sound novel and fashionable, provided that it consisted of common harmonic progressions, changed the instrumentation, and increased the average loudness.Comment: Supplementary materials not included. Please see the journal reference or contact the author

Tribological synergies among chemical-modified graphene oxide nanomaterials and a phosphonium ionic liquid as additives of a biolubricant

In the present work, antifriction and antiwear synergies of two functionalized graphene oxides (reduced graphene oxide, rGO, and reduced graphene oxide modified with octadecylamine, rGO@ODA) with a phosphonium ionic liquid (IL) as additives of a biodegradable ester base oil, BIOE, were investigated. For this aim, four BIOE nanodispersions were formulated: two nanodispersions without IL and two others with IL (hybrid nanolubricants), being the nanodispersions: BIOE + 0.05 wt% rGO, BIOE + 0.05 wt% rGO@ODA, BIOE + 1 wt% IL + 0.05 wt% rGO and BIOE + 1 wt% IL + 0.05 wt% rGO@ODA, and all of them showing good temporal stability (at least 3 weeks), especially those containing the ionic liquid. Tribological tests, under pure sliding conditions, were made with the aforementioned nanolubricants and with neat BIOE under a 20 N working load. All hybrid and non-hybrid nanolubricants resulted in lower friction coefficients compared to BIOE oil, with the largest friction reduction of 34% achieved by the 1 wt% IL + 0.05 wt% rGO nanolubricant. Discs lubricated with the prepared nanolubricants showed less wear than discs lubricated with BIOE, achieving the highest reduction (34%) in wear track width also for the 1 wt% IL + 0.05 wt% rGO nanolubricant. In addition, through confocal Raman microscopy, as well as roughness analysis of tested discs, it can be concluded that surface repairing, synergistic effect and tribofilm formation mechanisms occur.Authors thank Verkol Lubricantes for providing us with BIOE base oil and acknowledge the assistance of the RIAIDT-USC analytical abilities. This research was supported by Xunta de Galicia (ED431C 2020/10) and by MINECO and the ERDF programme through ENE2017-86425-C2-2-R project. FG acknowledges the Juan de la Cierva Incorporación 2017 program, the Xunta de Galicia (2016-2019, ED431G/09, Centro singular de investigación de Galicia), and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) for financial supportS

Tribological properties of dispersions based on reduced graphene oxide sheets and trimethylolpropane trioleate or PAO 40 oils

The main goal of this work is to study the tribological properties of nanolubricants formed by trimethylolpropane trioleate (TMPTO) or a polyalphaolefin (PAO 40) base oils with reduced graphene oxide sheets (rGO). This reduction was carried out in order to have a good stability of the nanoadditives in the fluids. For this aim, rGO nanopowders were prepared by thermal reduction of graphene oxide (GO) powders using KOH/ethanol as reducing agent. Tribological behavior of nanolubricants based on TMPTO and on PAO 40 oils with 0.05, 0.10, 0.25 and 0.50 wt% of rGO was evaluated. The tribological tests were carried out with a tribometer operating in ball on disk configuration and rotational mode under a working load of 20 N at room temperature. In order to analyze the wear track through the width, depth and cross-section area of the scar, a 3D optical profilometer was used. The best antifriction performance was found for 0.25 wt% rGO nanodispersions, with a 24% and a 20% enhancement for the PAO 40 and the TMPTO base oils, respectively. Moreover, for this last nanodispersion, a reduction of 24% in the wear track width was obtained.This work was supported by both the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) programme through ENE2014-55489-C2-1-R and ENE2017-86425-C2-2-R projects. Moreover, this work was funded by the Xunta de Galicia (GRC ED431C 2016/001). The three last funders also financed the acquisition of the 3D Optical Profile Sensofar S Neox (UNST15-DE-3156). JMLR acknowledges Xunta de Galicia for a Principia contract. FG is grateful for financial support from the Xunta de Galicia (Centro Singular de Investigación de Galicia accreditation 2016–2019, ED431G/09) and the European Union (ERDF). Authors would like to thank the use of RIAIDT-USC analytical facilities.S