144 research outputs found
Lâacceptation de lâhomosexualitĂ© et de lâadoption par les couples homosexuels Ă six mois de lâĂ©lection prĂ©sidentielle de 2012
PremiĂšres lignes : Lâacceptation croissante de lâhomosexualitĂ© et, dans une moindre mesure de lâhomoparentalitĂ©, sont rĂ©vĂ©latrices de lâĂ©volution des valeurs dans les sociĂ©tĂ©s dĂ©mocratiques. Ronald Inglehart[1] met ainsi en Ă©vidence la transformation des systĂšmes de valeurs des citoyens des dĂ©mocraties occidentales. Cela constituerait une « rĂ©volution silencieuse »[2] marquĂ©e par le passage de valeurs matĂ©rialistes Ă des valeurs post-matĂ©rialistes. Ces Ă©volutions possĂšdent des consĂ©quences politiques dans la mesure oĂč le post-matĂ©rialisme est vecteur de nouveaux clivages sociopolitiques.
Si lâhomoparentalitĂ© est apparue comme un enjeu lors des Ă©lections prĂ©sidentielles de 2007, aucune avancĂ©e lĂ©gislative concernant la reconnaissance des droits des couples homosexuels nâa Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e en France depuis le PaCS en 1999. Or, la mobilisation, notamment associative, sur ces enjeux reste importante, en tĂ©moigne le mot dâordre de la derniĂšre marche des fiertĂ©s LGBT en 2011 : « Pour lâĂ©galitĂ© : en 2011 je marche, en 2012 je vote ».
Nous nous attacherons, dans le contexte prĂ©-Ă©lectoral, Ă Ă©tudier, au-delĂ de lâacceptation croissante des enjeux associĂ©s Ă lâhomosexualitĂ© et Ă lâhomoparentalitĂ©, la persistance des dynamiques sociales et politiques permettant de comprendre les diffĂ©rents niveaux dâacceptation de lâhomosexualitĂ© comme maniĂšre de vivre sa vie et du droit dâadopter pour les couples homosexuels
Les traces de La Manif pour tous
Les Ă©lections rĂ©gionales des 6 et 13 dĂ©cembre 2015 interviennent peu aprĂšs le troisiĂšme anniversaire du collectif de La Manif pour tous dont la premiĂšre manifestation en opposition au projet de loi Taubira sur lâouverture du mariage aux couples de mĂȘme sexe se tenait le 17 novembre 2012. Quatre ans et demi aprĂšs sa fondation et quatre ans aprĂšs lâadoption dĂ©finitive de la loi Ă lâAssemblĂ©e nationale le 23 avril 2013, le collectif est toujours mobilisĂ©. Lâabrogation de la loi Taubira reste au cĆur des revendications du mouvement mais il sâest saisi de nouveaux enjeux. De mĂȘme, ses rĂ©pertoires dâaction ont Ă©voluĂ© et se sont diversifiĂ©s. La derniĂšre manifestation de rue organisĂ©e Ă Paris remonte au 16 octobre 2016. Par ailleurs, plusieurs groupes affiliĂ©s au mouvement investissent lâespace public avec leurs actions. Le collectif a aussi dĂ©veloppĂ© ses activitĂ©s de lobbying et sâest saisi de toutes les Ă©chĂ©ances Ă©lectorales pour interpeller les candidats et les inviter Ă se prononcer sur ses revendications. Dans le cadre des Ă©lections rĂ©gionales, huit meetings ont Ă©tĂ© organisĂ©s, intitulĂ©s « Questions pour un prĂ©sident de rĂ©gion », durant lesquels des tĂȘtes de liste des RĂ©publicains, de lâUDI, du MoDem, du FN et de Debout la France ont acceptĂ© de rĂ©pondre aux questions axĂ©es sur les compĂ©tences des rĂ©gions concernant la « vie quotidienne des familles ». (Premier paragraphe
Compte-rendu de Jeunes socialistes, jeunes UMP. Lieux et processus de socialisation politique
Lâouvrage de Lucie Bargel, issu directement
dâune thĂšse parfaitement maĂźtrisĂ©e, relĂšve
dâabord de lâĂ©tude de la socialisation politique
secondaire puisquâelle observe lâapprentissage
en train de se faire dans ces groupes dâaffinitĂ©s
que constituent les groupements politiques.
Il participe Ă©galement de lâanalyse des partis politiques
en se focalisant sur deux organisations de
jeunesse, les Jeunes populaires (JP) et les Jeunes
socialistes (MJS), donc sur des jeunes partisans
dâorganisations centrales peu Ă©tudiĂ©es (...)
L'appréhension par le droit de l'Union européenne des sanctions dans le domaine des activités sportives
European sport is on the verge of an upheaval as to its consideration by EU law and by the law of the European Convention on Human Rights. The finding of overlapping standards and different legal frameworks producing effects on the sanctions on the "European citizen athlete" leads to the repetition of difficulties relating to the infringement of the principles of equal treatment and of integrity of sport competitions. This thesis demonstrates the need for Europeanisation of sanctions imposed on the "European citizen athlete", and develops a reflection on the legal instruments of soft law and hard law - existing or to be developed - that may be of interest to meet that objective of Europeanisation. The originality of the work primarily lies in conducting field surveys, and secondly in the development and future changes in instruments of soft law or hard law existing for the purpose of combating violations of these principles, by contributing in various ways, to the Europeanisation of sanctions in the field of sportsLe sport europĂ©en est Ă la veille d'un bouleversement quant Ă sa prise en compte par le droit de l'UE et par le droit de la Convention europĂ©enne des droits de lâhomme. Le constat du chevauchement de normes et de rĂ©fĂ©rentiels juridiques diffĂ©rents produisant des effets sur les sanctions infligĂ©es au « sportif citoyen europĂ©en » conduit Ă la rĂ©pĂ©tition de difficultĂ©s relatives Ă la violation des principes d'Ă©galitĂ© de traitement et d'intĂ©gritĂ© des compĂ©titions sportives. Cette thĂšse dĂ©montre la nĂ©cessitĂ© d'une europĂ©anisation des sanctions infligĂ©es au « sportif citoyen europĂ©en », et propose une rĂ©flexion sur les instruments juridiques de droit souple et de droit dur - existants ou Ă exploiter - susceptibles de rĂ©pondre Ă cet objectif d'europĂ©anisation. L'originalitĂ© des travaux rĂ©side d'abord dans la rĂ©alisation d'enquĂȘtes de terrain, puis dans le dĂ©veloppement et les modifications Ă venir d'instruments de droit souple ou de droit dur existants, aux fins de combattre les atteintes aux principes prĂ©citĂ©s en contribuant, de diverses façons, Ă l'europĂ©anisation des sanctions dans le domaine des activitĂ©s sportive
Time resolved XANES illustrates a substrate-mediated redox process in Prussian blue cultural heritage materials
The pigment Prussian blue is studied in heritage science because of its capricious fading behavior under light exposure. We show here that XANES can be used to study the photosensitivity of Prussian blue heritage materials despite X-ray radiation damage. We used an original approach based on X-ray photochemistry to investigate in depth the redox process of Prussian blue when it is associated with a cellulosic substrate, as in cyanotypes and watercolors. By modifying cation and proton contents of the paper substrate, we could tune both rate and extent of Prussian blue reduction. These results demonstrate that the photoreduction and fading of Prussian blue is principally mediated by the substrate and its interaction with the oxygen of the environment
Light and anoxia fading of Prussian blue dyed textiles.
Although Prussian blue is a popular pigment, its stability has been questioned since its discovery in 1704. Its stability upon exposure to light and anoxia remains difficult to apprehend. The present paper focuses on the relative influences of light, anoxia and type of substrate on the discoloration of Prussian blue dyed textiles. Spectrophotometry and X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements of samples artificially aged by light in air or anoxia show that both the extent of the reduction process at the origin of Prussian blue discoloration and the aging of the textile substrate are linked and strongly differ with the environment. The complex inter-relationship existing between Prussian blue discoloration and textile degradation and the final impact it may have on the conservation of the entire system is discussed
Visualizing mineralization processes and fossil anatomy using synchronous synchrotron X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction mapping
International audienc
Toward a typeface for the transcription of facial actions in sign languages
International audienceNon-manual actions, and more specifically facial actions (FA) can be found in all Sign Languages (SL). Those actions involve all the different facial parts and can have various and intricate linguistic relations with manual signs. Unlike in vocal languages, FA in SL provide more meaning than simple expressions of feelings and emotions. Yet non-manual parameters are among the most unknown formal features in SL studies. During the past 30 years, some studies have started questioning the meanings and linguistic values and the relations between manual and non-manual signs (Crashborn et al. 2008; Crashborn & Bank 2014); more recently, SL corpora have been analysed, segmented, and transcribed to help study FA (Vogst-Svenden 2008; Bergman et al. 2008; Sutton-Spence & Day 2008).Moreover, to fill the lack of an annotation system for FA, a few manual annotation systems have integrated facial glyphs, such as HamNoSys (Prillwitz et al. 1989) and SignWriting (Sutton 1995). On one hand, HamNoSys has been developed to describe all existing SLs at a phonetic level; it allows a formal, linear, highly detailed and searchable description of manual parameters. As for non-manual parameters, HamNoSys offers the replacement of hands by another articulators. Non-manual parameters can be written as âeyesâ or âmouthâ and described by the same symbols developed for hands (Hanke 2004). Unfortunately only a limited number of manual symbols can be translated into FA and the annotation system remains incomplete. On the other hand, SignWriting describes SL with iconic symbols placed in a 2D space representing the signerâs body. Facial expressions are divided into mouth, eyes, nose, eyebrows, etc., and are drawn in a circular âheadâ much like emoticons. SignWriting offers a detailed description of posture and actions of non-manual parameters, but does not ensure compatibility with the most common annotation software used by SL linguists (e.g., ELAN).Typannot, a interdisciplinary project led by linguists, designers, and developers, which aims to set up a complete transcription system for SL that includes every SL parameter (handshape, localisation, movement, FA), has developed a different methodologie. As mentioned earlier, FA have various linguistic values (mouthings, adverbial mouth gestures, semantically empty, enacting, whole face) and also include prosody and emotional meanings. In this regard, they can be more variable and signer-related than manual parameters. To offer the best annotation tool, Typannotâs approach has been to define facial parameters and all their possible tangible configurations. The goal is to set up the most efficient, simple, yet complete and universal formula to describe all possible FA.This formula is based on a 3 dimensional grid. Indeed all the different configurations of FA can be described by its X, Y, Z axis position. As a result, all FA can be described and encoded using a restricted list of 39 qualifiers. Based on this model and to help reduce the annotation process, a set of generic glyphs has been developed. Each qualifier has its own symbolic âgenericâ glyph. This methodical decomposition of all facial components enables a precise and accurate transcription of a complex FA using only a few glyphs.This formula and its generic glyphs have gone through a series of tests and revisions. Recently, an 18m20s long FA corpus of two deaf signers has been recorded using two different cameras. The first one, RGB HQ, is used to capture a high quality image and the second, infrared Kinect, is used to captured the depth. The latter was linked with Brekel Proface 2 (Leong et al. 2015), a 3D animation software that enables an automatic recognition of FA. This corpus has been fully annotated using Typannotâs generic glyphs. These annotations have enabled the validation of the general structure of Typannot FAformula and to identify some minor corrections to be made. For instance, it has been shown that the description of the air used to puff out or suck in cheeks is too restrictive and the description of the opening and closure of the eyelids is too unnecessarily precise.When those changes are implemented, our next task will be to develop a morphological glyphic system that will combine the different generic glyphs used for each facial parameter into one unique morphological glyph. This means that for any given FA, all the information contained in Typannot descriptive formula will be contained within one legible glyph. Some early research and work has already begun on this topic, but needs further development before providing a statement on its typographic structure. When this system is completed, it will be released with its own virtual keyboard (Typannot Keyboard, currently in development for handshapes) to help transcription and improve annotation processes.Bibliography :-ChĂ©telat-PelĂ©, E. (2010). Les Gestes Non Manuels en Langue des Signes Française ; Annotation, analyse et formalisation : application aux mouvements des sourcils et aux clignements des yeux. UniversitĂ© de Provence - Aix-Marseille I.-Crasborn, O., Van Der Kooij, E., Waters, D., Woll, B., & Mesch, J. (2008). Frequency distribution and spreading behavior of different types of mouth actions in three sign languages. Sign Language & Linguistics, 11(1), 45â67.-Crasborn, O. A., & Bank, R. (2014). An annotation scheme for the linguistic study of mouth actions in sign languages. http://repository.ubn.ru.nl/handle/2066/132960-Fontana, S. (2008). Mouth actions as gesture in sign language. Gesture, 8(1), 104â123.-Hanke, T. (2004). HamNoSysâRepresenting sign language data in language resources and language processing contexts. In Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages on the occasion of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (p. 1â6).-Leong, C. W., Chen, L., Feng, G., Lee, C. M., & Mulholland, M. (2015). Utilizing depth sensors for analyzing multimodal presentations: Hardware, software and toolkits (p. 547â556).Presented at Proceedings of the 2015 ACM on International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, ACM.-Prillwitz, S., Leven, R., Zienert, H., Hanke, T., & Henning, J. (1989). Hamburg notation system for sign languages: An introductory guide. Signum Press, Hamburg.-Sandler, W. (2009). Symbiotic symbolization by hand and mouth in sign language. Semiotica, 2009(174), 241â275. http://doi.org/10.1515/semi.2009.035-Sutton, V. (1995). Lessons in Sign Writing: Textbook. DAC, La Jolla (CA).-Sutton-Spence, R., & Boyes-Braem, P. (2001). The hands are the head of the mouth: The mouth as articulator in sign languages. Signum Press, Hamburg
Trace elements discriminate between tissues in highly weathered fossils
Palaeontologists assess the affinities of fossils using either morphology-based phylogenetic analyses, possibly enhanced by the use of advanced imaging techniques, or the identification of remnants or derivatives of fossil organic molecules with high taxonomic specificity (âbiomarkersâ). However, these approaches are often of little use for the majority of fossils whose original morphology and chemistry have been severely altered or completely lost during decay, diagenesis and modern weathering. Here we show that the inorganic incorporation of trace elements during fossilization and diagenesis can be used to assess the affinity of highly altered fossils, constituting a powerful tool overlooked so far. This is illustrated by the study of a wide range of animals from the Early Ordovician Fezouata Shale (Tremadocian, Morocco) using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence major-to-trace elemental mapping. Although all fossils studied here have turned into iron oxides, spectral analyses reveal that their different tissue types (i.e. biomineralised, sclerotised, cuticularised, and internal tissues) can be distinguished on the basis of their trace element inventories. The resulting elemental classes and distributions allowed us to identify an enigmatic, highly weathered organism as a new stem euarthropod preserving remains of its nervous system
Study of the influence of physical, chemical and biological conditions that influence the deterioration and protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage
Two wrecks related to the Battle of Trafalgar (1805) were studied. Following the guidelines of the UNESCO-2001 Convention for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, a holistic and interdisciplinary approach based on the development of four of the thirty-six Rules of this international agreement was applied. A non-destructive survey technique was developed to obtain information from the scattered cannons and anchors without altering their condition (Rule 4). The work performed provided information about the origin of both wrecks, the Fougueux and the Bucentaure, two ships of the line of the French Navy, and allowed to characterize the state of conservation at each site without jeopardizing their future conservation in the marine environment. In addition, measurements of the main physical, chemical and biological variables allowed correlating the conservation status at each site with the marine environmental conditions (Rule 15). Thus, in Fougueux shipwreck large iron objects are corroding at a higher rate (between 0.180 and 0.246 mmpy) due to high sediment remobilization and transport induced by waves at this site, causing damage by direct mechanical effect on metallic material and by removing the layer of corrosion products developed on the artefacts. Meanwhile artillery on Bucentaure site, covered with thick layers of biological concretion, is well preserved, with lower corrosion rates (0.073 to 0.126 mmpy), and archaeological information is guaranteed. Finally, the effectiveness of the cathodic protection as a temporary measure for in situ conservation (Rule 1) was evaluated on a cannon. The use of a sacrificial anode after 9 months reduced the average corrosion rate (from 0.103 to 0.064 mmpy) and the percent of corrosion rate in 37.9%. These results are very useful for developing a decision making system of the Site Management Program, based on predictive models of artefacts permanence and risk factors in the marine environment (Rule 25)
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