Estimasi Risiko Migrasi Bisfenol A (BPA) Dari Kemasan Logam Pangan Olahan Di Indonesia

Logam merupakan salah satu jenis kemasan pangan yang banyak digunakan, untuk mencegah korosi. Logam biasanya dilapisi dengan pelapis epoksi resin seperti bisfenol A (BPA). BPA dapat mempengaruhi sistem endokrin dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada berbagai jaringan serta organ. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan migrasi BPA pada kemasan kaleng sarden dan kornet serta paparannya pada penduduk Indonesia. Sampel yang digunakan adalah kemasan kaleng kosong untuk sarden dan kornet masing-masing 12 buah kemudian dianalisis menggunakan HPLC-UV Vis. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa konsetrasi migrasi BPA dalam kemasan kaleng sarden (menggunakan simulan etanol 20%) berkisar antara 0,005 – 0,05 mg/kg. Sedangkan dalam kemasan kaleng kornet (menggunakan simulan etanol 10%) sebesar 0,005 mg/kg. Rerata estimasi paparan perhari migrasi BPA dari konsumsi sarden dalam kaleng tertinggi terdapat pada usia 24-59 bulan yaitu 0,0546 µg/kgBB, sedangkan estimasi paparan perhari migrasi BPA dari konsumsi kornet dalam kaleng tertinggi terdapat pada usia anak 5-12 tahun yaitu sebesar 0,0066 µg/kgBB.  Nilai risiko P95 untuk paparan migrasi BPA dari konsumsi sarden dalam kaleng pada seluruh kelompok usia sebesar 2,3883% sedangkan nilai risiko paparan dari konsumsi kornet dalam kaleng pada seluruh kelompok usia sebesar 0,3846%. Nilai risiko tersebut tidak melebihi asupan harian yang dapat ditoleransi sementara (tTDI), yang mengindikasikan bahwa paparan migrasi BPA melalui kemasan kaleng sarden dan kornet akibat mengkonsumsi sarden dan kornet tidak menimbulkan risiko bahaya terhadap kesehatan manusia di Indonesia.Metal is one type of food packaging that is widely used. To prevent corrosion, metals are usually coated with an epoxy resin coating such as bisphenol A (BPA). BPA consumption can affect the endocrine system and cause damage to various organs. This study aims to determine the BPA migration in sardines and corned beef cans and its exposure to Indonesian consumers. The samples used were empty cans for sardines and corned beef, 12 each, and then analyzed using HPLC-UV Vis. The results showed that the migration concentration of BPA in sardines cans (using a 20% ethanol simulant) ranged from 0.005 – 0.05 mg/kg, while in corned beef cans (using 10% ethanol simulants) is 0.005 mg/kg. The highest average estimated daily BPA migration exposure of canned sardines consumption is at the age of 24-59 months (0.0546 µg/kg BW), while the highest estimated daily migration of BPA exposure of canned corned beef consumption is at the age of 5-12 years (0.0066 µg/kg BW). It also shows P95 risk value for exposure to BPA migration from consumption of canned sardines in all age groups is 2.3883%, while canned corned beef in all age groups is 0.3846%. These do not exceed the temporarily tolerable daily intake (tTDI) which indicates the exposure to migration of BPA from cans of sardines and corned beef due to consumption of sardines and corned beef does not pose a risk of danger to human health in Indonesia

SENYAWA BIOAKTIF TORBANGUN (Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) SPRENG) FRAKSI KLOROFORM INDUKSI APOPTOSIS PADA KANKER PAYUDARA (SEL MCF-7) IN VITRO

Torbangun (Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng) is a medicinal plant that has been traditionally used in tropical countries to cure various illnesses. The objective of this study was to identify the active compounds in the chloroform fraction which have effect on the apoptosis-related genes expression of breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Apoptosis was observed morphologically using Hoechst nuclear staining. Expression of the genes was analyzed using Real-Time PCR. Chemical compounds of the plant fractions were determined using LC-MS. Result of cell morphology observation clearly indicated apoptosis after the treatment of the plant fraction. Increased expression of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 could not prevent the cells from apoptosis. Expressions of p53 and p21 genes were increased significantly. The expressions of caspase 9, caspase 7 and caspase 1 were increased at concentration-dependent manner. Most of the compounds in the chloroform fraction are identified as diterpenoids which may contribute to the apoptosis inducing activity of the fraction.Tanaman Torbangun (Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng) telah dimanfaatkan secara tradisional pada berbagai negara di daerah tropis untuk menyembuhkan berbagai penyakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi komponen aktif pada fraksi kloroform dari ekstrak tanaman torbangun tersebut yang memiliki efek terhadap ekspresi gen-gen yang berkaitan dengan apoptosis pada sel kanker payudara MCF-7. Apoptosis diamati secara morfologis menggunakan metode pewarnaan inti sel Hoechst. Ekspresi gen dianalisa menggunakan Real-Time PCR sedangkan komponen bioaktif diidentifikasi menggunakan LC-MS. Hasil pengamatan morfologi secara jelas memperlihatkan terjadinya apoptosis pada sel setelah diberi perlakuan ekstrak tanaman. Terjadi peningkatan ekspresi gen anti-apoptosis Bcl-2 namun peningkatan tersebut tidak mampu mencegah terjadinya apoptosis pada sel. Ekspresi gen p53 dan p21 meningkat secara signifikan setelah diberi perlakuan fraksi kloroform. Ekspresi gen caspase 9, caspase 7 dan caspase 1 meningkat dengan level peningkatan yang dipengaruhi oleh konsentrasi yang diberikan. Sebagian besar komponen yang teridentifikasi tergolong dalam kelompok diterpenoid yang kemungkinan berkontribusi terhadap bioaktifitas fraksi kloroform dalam menginduksi apoptosis pada sel kanker MCF-7

Peranan Teknologi Proses Pengolahan Pangan dalam Penurunan Alergenisitas Kerang-kerangan: Meta-analisis

Shellfish is widely consumed globally, one of the main reasons is because it contains good nutrition for health. The increased consumption also leads to adverse health problems such as food allergy. Food allergy is hypersensitivity reaction of the immune system caused by consumption or exposure to food. Various food processing methods has been proven to alter shellfish allergenicity with different effectiveness. This study aims to determine the most effective processing method to reduce shellfish allergenicity through meta-analysis. In total of 19 articles were obtained using PRISMA diagram, with publication year range 2006-2020. Data were analyzed to determine Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval. Moist heating, high hydrostatic pressure, irradiation, and ultrasound processing have significant effect (p < 0,05) in reducing shellfish allergenicity. Meanwhile, boiling and roasting processing did not have a significant effect. Based on the results of the meta-analysis, high hydrostatic pressure is the most effective method in reducing shellfish allergenicity because it has the highest effect size value with -7,25 (95% CI: -9,11 s.d. -5,4; p < 0,00001).   Keywords: allergenicity, food processing, meta-analysis, shellfis

Pandan Wangi rice as reference food and the use of 25 g portion in glycemic index test

The notion of the Glycemic Index (GI) can be utilized to aid in the choosing of foods for a healthy diet, leading to low GI claims that have been commonly found in various food products. The convenience of the test subject could affect GI results, such as the type of reference food and how much of it to be consumed. Therefore, the goals of this research were to see if white rice (Pandan Wangi) could be used as a reference food and to compare GI result obtained from a different portion of available carbohydrate. The recruited subjects ranged in age from 21-36 years old with BMI of 18.5-24.9 kg/m2). Glucose measurement and sample testing (white rice and cookies) were conducted in the experiment. Overnight fasting was required of volunteers, and blood samples were obtained using One Touch Ultra Lifescan. There were seven points of blood sampling with triplication of glucose testing GI values were calculated with Incremental Area Under Curves (IAUC). The result means of GI were 74±16 (white rice), 60±24 (wheat cookies), 38±14 (NS-cookies), and 39±16 (HMT-cookies). The correlation between IAUC glucose and rice was significant with r=0.834 (n=10, p<0,01). GI of white rice based on 25g available carbohydrates (AVCHO) was significantly different from GI based on 50g AVHCO (n=10, p<0.05). Pandan Wangi white rice can be used to substitute glucose or white bread in GI tests with a conversion factor of 0.74. It needed further study regarding the use of 25 g AVCHO as the basic portion in GI test.

Sensitivitas Ekstrak Protein Kacang Tanah (Arachis hypogaea L.) sebagai Larutan Uji Tusuk Kulit

ABSTRAK: Kacang tanah merupakan jenis kacang-kacangan penyebab utama alergi makanan baik pada anak-anak atapun orang dewasa dan kasus alergi kacang tanah tiap tahun terus meningkat. Tidak mengkonsumsi semua makanan pencetus alergi merupakan cara terbaik untuk pengobatan alergi. Tidak mengkonsumsi makanan tertentu harus berdasarkan uji alergi seperti Uji Tusuk Kulit (UTK). Larutan untuk UTK adalah ekstrak protein dalam bentuk larutan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menggunakan ekstrak protein kacang tanah yang dibudidayakan di Indonesia sebagai larutan untuk UTK, menentukan sensitivitas dan spesifitas ekstrak protein kacang tanah. Protein kacang tanah diekstrak pada titik isoelektrik, dikarakterisasi dengan SDS-PAGE dan immunoblotting. Formulasi larutan UTK mengacu pada European Pharmacopoeia Monograph on Allergen Products 7 (2010:1063). Sebanyak sepuluh orang yang menyatakan diri alergi makanan dan sembilan orang tidak alergi dijadikan subjek lalu dikonfirmasi dengan cara mencukitkan ekstrak protein kacang tanah pada kulit tangan bagian bawah. Serum subjek dikumpulkan untuk pengujian IgE total, IgE spesifik, immunoblotting, sensitivitas dan spesifitas ekstrak. Sensitivitas ekstrak protein kacang tanah didapatkan sebesar 90,9% dengan kesalahan negatif sebesar 9,1% dan spesifitas sebesar 100%.  Larutan UTK mengandung protein alergen dengan kisaran berat molekul 10 sampai 49 kDa. Ekstrak protein kacang tanah yang dibudidayakan di Indonesia berpotensi dikembangkan menjadi larutan untuk uji tusuk kulit.Kata kunci: alergi, immunoblotting, kacang tanah, sensitivitasABSTRACT: Peanuts are the main cause of allergies in children and adults. Annually, people with peanut allergies continues to rise. The best way to prevent allergies is avoiding foods that cause allergies, not consuming certain foods should be enforced based on allergy testing such as SPT (skin prick test). The solution for the skin prick test is a protein extract in solution form. The study aims to use the peanut protein extract cultivated in Indonesia as a solution for skin prick testing, to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the peanut protein extract. The peanut protein was extracted at the isoelectric point, characterized by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. The formulation of SPT reagent refers to the European Pharmacopoeia Monograph on Allergen Products 7 (2010: 1063). Ten people who stated that they were allergic to food and nine people who were not allergic were subjected to it and confirmed by pinching the peanut protein extract on the skin of the lower hand. Serum of the subjects was collected for test of total IgE, specific IgE, and immunoblotting, sensitivity and specificity of reagent for SPT. The sensitivity of peanut protein extract in this study was 90.9% with a negative error of 9.1% and specificity of 100%. SPT results showed that all subjects who tested positive and immunoblotting test is also positive that bind peanut protein with a molecular weight 10-49 kDa. The peanut protein extract cultivated in Indonesia has the potential to be developed into a solution for skin prick testing.Keywords:  allergies, immunoblotting, peanuts, sensitivit

Evaluation of glycemic index determination method

In Indonesia, determination of glycemic index (GI) was performed according to approved protocols prescribed by FAO (1998) and BPOM (2011); but, remarkable differences among these methods exist, primarily regarding the points of recommendation. This present work aimed to evaluate the technical steps of the protocol for determining GI between two protocols recommended by BPOM (2011) and FAO (1998). Ten healthy subjects (age 21-36 years old and body mass index (BMI) 18.5-24.9 kg/m2) were recruited for the study. The blood glucose was measured with repeated glucose trials, while the number of sampling points for the blood glucose test was also investigated. The range of GI for rice, wheat cookies, NS-cookies, HMT-cookies were 68 – 77; 55 – 60; 35 – 43; 35 – 41, respectively, using the combination of three different aspects between FAO and BPOM protocol. Noticeably, the difference in glucose trials did not cause significant variations to GI (n=10, p>0.05). Regarding statistical performance between methods, the Coefficient of Variance (CV) resulted from BPOM protocol (10 subjects, 5 sampling points) ranged 37 to 49%, being slightly higher compared to CV obtained from FAO protocol (7 subjects with triplicate glucose trials, 7 sampling points), i.e., 33% and 35%. The conclusive remark was noticed, that the most satisfying protocol for determination of GI was achieved using no less than two reference food trials, seven subjects, and seven blood sampling points

Effect of Locally Produced Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food on Children under Five Years with Severe Acute Malnutrition: A Systematic Review

This review assessed the effect of Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF) on children under five years with Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM). The reviewed studies were obtained from six databases. Using the search strategy, 3,521 studies were selected. After title and abstract screening, 75 studies were obtained for further full article screening. The inclusion criteria were types of study (RCT, quasi-RCT, or crossover), participants (SAM children aged 6−60 months with no complications), interventions (locally produced RUTF and standard RUTF), and outcome measures (recovery rate, mortality rate, weight gain rate, height gain rate, length of stay, weight-for-age z score, height-for-age z score, weight-for-length z score, anemia status, blood iron status, serum albumin, plasma amino acid level, adverse effects and acceptability of RUTF). A total of 33 studies were included in this review. Nine out of twenty-two studies that used standard RUTF had positive effects on recovery outcomes in children with SAM. The alternative RUTF produced from local protein sources showed slightly lower positive effects on SAM treatment than those of standard RUTF. Since the studies used different methods to assess the outcome, no formula could be selected as the best formula and selection should be made based on individual research objectives. In conclusion, both standard and the alternative locally produced RUTF can be applied for treatment of SAM by considering the local preferences, ingredients availability, production sustainability and product safety

In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity, free radical (DPPH) scavenging, and ferric reducing ability (FRAP) of Sargassum cristaefolium lipid-soluble fraction and putative identification of bioactive compounds using UHPLC-ESI-ORBITRAP-MS/MS

Sargassum brown seaweed is well-known to contain several bioactive compounds which exhibit various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Lipophilic extracts and fractions of Sargassum were reported to possess promising anti-inflammatory activity. This study, therefore, aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of Sargassum cristaefolium crude lipid extract and its fractions. The brown seaweed was obtained from Awur Bay, Jepara – Indonesia. Crude lipid fractionation was performed using normal phase column chromatography, and three different fractions (dichloromethane, acetone, methanol) were produced. The results showed that treatment of acetone fraction exerted strongest nitric oxide inhibition in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells, both in pre-incubated and co-incubated cell culture models. This outcome was in accordance with its 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Metabolite profiling of lipid fractions was performed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry, while the orthogonal projection to latent structures analysis was conducted to determine some features with significant correlation to the bioactivity. There were 14 feature candidates considered from both positive and negative ionization mode datasets. Seven out of them were putatively identified as pheophytin a (1), all-trans fucoxanthin (2), 132-hydroxy-pheophytin a (3), pheophorbide a (4), 1-hexadecanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-3-O-β-D-galactosyl-sn-glycerol (6), 1-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoyl)-2-(9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl)-3-O-β-D-galactosyl-sn-glycerol (10), and 1-(9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl)-2-(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatetraenoyl)-3-O-β-D-galactosyl-sn glycerol