Antibacterial and Antibiofilm of Cinnamomum burmanii Bark Oil (CbBO) against Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603: In Vitro Study

Many cases of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections are caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae (K.pn), an infectious disease bacterium. Hospital inpatients can be exposed to this occurrence; MDR has transformed 26.96% of infections at Klaten Hospital into highly infectious biofilms, while 54.49% of infections have produced biofilms. Approximately 80% of bacterial illnesses resistant to antibiotics are caused by biofilm-forming bacteria. To reduce biofilm formation, antibacterial compounds, one of which comes from natural products, are necessary. Renowned for its essential oil, Cinnamomum burmanii Bark Oil (CbBO) has been utilized extensively in herbal medicine to combat pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Enterobacter spp., and Staphylococcus aureus. This study aims to evaluate CbBO’s antibacterial capabilities using the microdilution method and its antibiofilm properties against K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 using the MTT test. A CbBO minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 0.25 mg/mL and a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.125 mg/mL were employed for antibacterial activity. The antibiofilm potential was determined by measuring the minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) at 0.5 mg/mL and the minimum biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC) at 0.25 mg/mL. In conclusion, CbBO demonstrated antimicrobial and antibiofilm qualities. However,                   a greater concentration of CbBO was required for antibiofilm formation than for antibacterial purposes

Combination of FTIR-based Fingerprinting and Chemometrics Analysis for Discrimination of Tithonia diversifolia Leaves Extracts and Correlation with α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity

Tithonia diversifolia, known as Mexican sunflower, has been widely used as an herbal medicine to treat diabetes. This study used FTIR fingerprint spectra combined with chemometrics to differentiate T. diversifolia leaves extracts with different extracting solvents and their correlation with the inhibition of α-glucosidase activity. T. diversifolia collected from two growing locations (West Bandung and Sleman, Indonesia) was extracted with absolute ethanol, 50% ethanol, and water using ultrasonication. The ethanol absolute extract yielded a higher IC50 than the 50% ethanol and water extract. The FTIR spectra of each extract had a different profile, implying that the composition and the concentration of the metabolite extracted were relatively distinct. Absorbance data from the FTIR spectra in the 4000–400 cm−1 range were used to group all extracts according to the extracting solvent using principal component analysis (PCA). Before PCA, the FTIR spectra were subjected to signal preprocessing using a standard normal variate. We found that all of the extracts could be distinguished based on the extracting solvents using principal components (PC) 1 and 2 with a cumulative percentage of approximately 87%. Partial least square regression (PLSR) was used to correlate the FTIR spectra and the inhibition of the α-glucosidase activity to obtain a functional group of a metabolite that contributed to inhibiting the α-glucosidase activity. From the PLSR, peaks from the wavenumbers at ~3300 cm−1, ~3000 cm−1, ~1650 cm−1, ~1350 cm−1, and ~1100 cm−1 corresponded to the O-H, CH3, CH2, C=C, and C-O, which were thought to be responsible for inhibiting the α-glucosidase. Therefore, these functional groups were owned by the metabolites in the T. diversifolia leaves extracts that contributed to the inhibition of α-glucosidase

Activities of Cayratia trifolia Fruit on Oxidative Stress and Histological Change in Physical Stress-Induced Mice

Lakum fruit (Cayratia trifolia L. Domin) contains secondary metabolite compounds that have antioxidant properties. C trifolia belongs to the Vitaceae family, known as tropical grapes that have a sweet and itchy taste. This study aims to determine the potential of C. trifolia fruit methanol fraction as an antioxidant based on the parameters of malondialdehyde levels, superoxide dismutase enzymes, SGOT enzymes, SGPT enzymes, kidney and liver histology. The study used 24 male Swiss mice which were divided into 6 treatments, namely normal control, negative control, positive control (vitamin E), and C. trifolia methanol fraction 115; 230; 460 mg/kgBW. Physical stress induction was given in the form of fasting and swimming for 5 days. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and descriptive analysis for histological parameters. The results showed that the methanol fraction of 115 mg/kg BW decreased the best levels of malondialdehyde serum (38 µM), SGOT (34.7 U/L) and SGPT (34.6 U/L) compared to other doses. Doses of 115 mg/kgBW also provided the best levels of the superoxide dismutase enzymes (1.73 U/L) almost equal to vitamin E as positive control. Observations of kidney and liver histology showed a decrease in damage to hepatocytes and renal glomerulus in the 115 mg/kgBW C. trifolia methanol fraction. This research contributes to the development of C. trifolia as a natural antioxidant

Ethno-gynecological Cognizance of Phytomedicine Used by Tribes of Central and Eastern India: An Indigenous Heritage

Ethnomedicinal information that exists with individuals from diverse regions is rapidly dwindling owing to a lack of interest among the young in imbibing traditional information from elderly home herbal healers, which is their golden heritage. There are huge benefits of indigenous prescriptions and using medicinal herbs for the treatment of many ailments. Tribal people are ignorant of evidence-based research on herbs, which can assist to improve their knowledge worldwide with scientific backing. This research is an attempt to document essential medicinal plants utilized by indigenous people of Central and Eastern India to treat gynecological disorders. The information was acquired from a literature search in electronic databases such as PubMed, Google-Scholar, SpringerLink, Scopus, and Wiley up to 2023. About 80 plants have been listed which have been reported to be used for the treatment of different gynecological disorders by the indigenous people of Central and Eastern India to treat gynecological disorders. Additionally, several scientific studies supporting the usage of the plant have been also described with their mechanistic insights. Since drug discovery from medicinal plants continues to provide a new array and important leads against various pharmacological targets, an effort to collect medicinal plants and their associated traditional knowledge could serve as an important tool for the discovery of new potent compounds. The extremely intriguing findings for gynecological illness necessitate further investigation, while the efficacy of numerous traditional phytomedicines must be assessed for their pharmacological confirmation before they can be embraced universally for the benefit of humanity

Anti-aging Effect of Black Garlic Through Anti-senescence, Gelatinase Inhibition Mechanism, and Formulation of NLC Serum

Aging associated with cellular senescence was responsible for the degradation of collagen and elastin by activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that produced wrinkles. Black garlic is known to have an anti-aging potency on premature aging. This study aims to reveal the anti-aging potency of black garlic through anti-senescence and gelatinase inhibition mechanisms and its formulation of Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Serum. Black Garlic Extract (BGE)  was macerated with ethanol 50% then heated with low temperature at 50°C. The extract obtained was profiled with Thin Layer Chromatography and antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The cytotoxic effect of BGE was examined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on Vero cells. Anti-senescence effect of BGE was conducted by SA-β-Gal assay. The inhibition of gelatinase activities was predicted by molecular docking using MOE2010 software. The preparation of Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) is done by High Shear Homogenization method, then the best formula continued to make NLC-BGE Serum. The BGE contained S-allyl cysteine as a major organosulfur compound. BGE showed non-toxic to Vero cells with IC50 >500 μg/mL. Furthermore, 50 μg/mL of BGE showed inhibits doxorubicin-induced senescence in Vero cells. BGE also appeared to have good affinity on inhibitory domains of MMP-1 (∆G -7,754 kcal/mol) and MMP-2 (∆G -9,130 kcal/mol). NLC-BGE serum formula has met nanoparticles criteria and showed good stability. Based on this study, BGE revealed anti-senescence and gelatinase inhibition that is considered to have high anti-aging properties and can be applied in the NLC-BGE serum formula

Stability of Ethanol Extract Sunscreen Spray Gel Formula Kalakai Leaves (Stenochlaena palustris (Burm F.) Bedd)

There is evidence that an ethanol extract from the leaves of the kalakai tree (Stenochlaena palustris (Burm F.) Bedd.) may provide ultra-protective sun protection. The purpose of this study is to analyze the stability of a sunscreen spray gel composition that contains an ethanol extract of kalakai leaves. We used a rotary evaporator to concentrate the kalakai leaf ethanol extract until it was thick, after macerating the leaves in 70% ethanol solvent. A spray gel formulation containing EEKL was subsequently created, with EEKL concentrations of 5% (FI), 7.5% (FII), and 10% (FIII). The physical stability of the EEKL Spray gel formula was examined by six cycles of the cycling test technique in a climatic chamber with temperatures of 40°C ± 2°C and 4°C ± 2°C. Organoleptics, consistency, thickness, pH, adhesive spreading ability, and spray pattern are some of the tests that are conducted. Using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer set at 290-320 nm wavelength, the sunscreen test was conducted. A t-dependent test was used to examine the quantitative data on physical stability and sunscreen. No significant variations were seen throughout six storage cycles (p>0.05), indicating high physical stability, for the three EEKL Spray gel compositions (FI:5%, FII:7.5%, FIII: 10%). Formula III, which falls under the ultra protection category and had the highest average SPF value before and after the cycling test at 35.82 ± 0.50, exhibited no significant change (P>0.05) in the sunscreen activity during the six storage cycles, according to the results of the stability test of the EEKL Spray gel sunscreen activity in the three formulas

Anti-hyperlipidemic and Biochemical Effect of Aqueous Extract of Combretum dolichopetalum in High Cholesterol Diet Fed Rats

It is commonly known that atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (CAD) are associated with hyperlipidemia, which is brought on by abnormalities in the transportation, production, or catabolism of cholesterol. Hence, preventing hyperlipidemia can positively impact managing and treating cardiovascular diseases. This present study aimed to examine the possible aqueous extract's effects of Combretum dolichopetalum (AECD) on liver indices and lipid status in rats on a diet rich in cholesterol. Five groups of twenty-five male albino Wistar rats, weighing between 130 and 160 grams, were assembled. Group A (Standard control group), Group B (Hyperlipidemic control), Group C (treatment): which received high cholesterol diet (HCD) + AECD (200 mg/kg bwt.), Group D: HCD + AECD (400 mg/kg bwt), Group E: HCD + atorvastatin (standard drug) (30 mg/kg bwt). The rats were sacrificed on day 28th of the experiment, and samples were obtained for liver indices and lipid profile using standard protocols. The findings show that the treatment groups' lipid profile was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those of the hyperlipidemic controls. The liver enzymes; alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and total bilirubin (TB), direct bilirubin (DB), remain unchanged across all groups. These findings suggest that AECD is beneficial in lowering cholesterol levels and does not have a toxic effect on the liver

Exploring the Anti-cancer Effect of Ethanol Extract of Jamaican Cherry (Muntingia calabura L.) Leaves on CT26 Colorectal Cancer Cells through WNT Signaling

The prevalence rate of mortality in colorectal cancer is comparatively elevated. A standard or effective treatment has not been developed to resolve this issue. Utilizing Muntingia calabura, which is known to contain rutin with anti-cancer properties, is one of the strategies that can be implemented. The present study focuses on the potential therapeutic effects of M. calabura as an anti-cancer agent in colorectal cancer. Specifically, this study investigates the anti-cancer properties of rutin against colorectal cancer. The results of this study showed that the ethanolic extraction of M. calabura contained approximately 0.727 mg/mL of rutin. Additionally, the cytotoxicity assessment revealed that the rutin fraction was moderately cytotoxic, with a value of 70.808 μg/mL. The results of molecular docking experiments demonstrated a high degree of accuracy in predicting the interaction between rutin and β-catenin. Furthermore, the quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay revealed a significant reduction in the expression of the β-catenin gene within the cells exposed to the extract. In conclusion, M. calabura extract exhibits anti-cancer properties by influencing the WNT signaling pathway in CT26 cells

Cucumis melo L. ‘Gama Melon Parfum’ Extract: Volatile Compound Profile, Optimization, Preparation and Perfume Radar

Perfume notes are a sophisticated blend of essential or fragrance oils that give perfumes a distinct scent. Melon notes are highly favored aromatic elements in perfumes. Melon (Cucumis melo L. ‘Gama Melon Parfum’), known by the local name Gama Melon Parfum (GMP), is a melon breed that has unique phenotypic characteristics: bitter taste, batik-like pattern, and fragrant aroma. GMP has a fresh and fruity melon character, typically used as a top note in the perfume pyramid concept. Our study aimed to develop a perfume derived from GMP volatile extract as a fragrance ingredient. The process included collection, identification, extraction, physicochemical characterization, volatile compound analysis, perfume optimization, preparation, and perfumery radar. GMP can serve as the top note in a perfume formulation. From the D-optimal mixture design, an ideal perfume formula could be created from a mixture of 0.95 mL GMP, 0.55 mL rose, and 0.50 mL vanilla. The composition was found to produce a perfume that met sensory standards: a transparent and uniform liquid without impurities. It also had a unique aromatic scent with a relative density of 0.8102 g/cm3 which fell within the specified range of 0.7000-1.200 g/cm3, viscosity of 0.7931 cps within the required range of 0.7830-1.4030 cps, and a hedonic level of 9.72 cm out of a maximum of 15.00 cm. The perfume radar showed fruity-floral-musk characteristics. Results from this research indicate that enhancing GMP as a fragrance ingredient enables the creation of an optimal perfume that meets the required standards, is well-received, and demonstrates an inclination toward femininity

Anti-aging Properties from Gold Nanoparticles Serum using Fig Leaf Extract (Ficus carica L.)

Indonesian women saw premature aging as a serious problem; 60% of female respondents felt less confident due to the symptoms of premature aging they experienced. Fig leaves (Ficus carica L.) are a natural ingredient containing flavonoid compounds that have the potential to act as antioxidants and bio-reduction in the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles that have anti-aging properties. This research aims to determine the antiaging activity of fig leaf serum in inhibiting collagenase enzymes and fibroblast cell proliferation. The research design used a true experimental method by macerating fig leaves. Formulation of 90 μL fig leaf extract gold nanoparticles was carried out in serum preparations varying in the concentration of 5, 10, and 15%. The characteristics of the serum preparation were tested for organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, and viscosity. Antioxidant activity was compared using the DPPH method with Vitamin C. The test for inhibiting skin-degrading enzymes is carried out by inhibiting the collagenase enzyme. Test the cell viability of fig leaf gold nanoparticles against HDFa cells using the MTT assay method. The 15% serum results obtained strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 21.63 μg/ml, showed good collagenase enzyme inhibition of 88.1%, and could increase cell viability after exposure to H2O2 by 93.22%. It can be concluded that gold nanoparticle serum from fig leaf had the potential for antiaging activity and the stability of the new "fig leaf extract-gold nanoparticle serum" formulation for further improvement as a new antiaging cosmetic