Ageratum enation virus Infection Induces Programmed Cell Death and Alters Metabolite Biosynthesis in Papaver somniferum

A previously unknown disease which causes severe vein thickening and inward leaf curl was observed in a number of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) plants. The sequence analysis of full-length viral genome and associated betasatellite reveals the occurrence of Ageratum enation virus (AEV) and Ageratum leaf curl betasatellite (ALCB), respectively. Co-infiltration of cloned agroinfectious DNAs of AEV and ALCB induces the leaf curl and vein thickening symptoms as were observed naturally. Infectivity assay confirmed this complex as the cause of disease and also satisfied the Koch’s postulates. Comprehensive microscopic analysis of infiltrated plants reveals severe structural anomalies in leaf and stem tissues represented by unorganized cell architecture and vascular bundles. Moreover, the characteristic blebs and membranous vesicles formed due to the virus-induced disintegration of the plasma membrane and intracellular organelles were also present. An accelerated nuclear DNA fragmentation was observed by Comet assay and confirmed by TUNEL and Hoechst dye staining assays suggesting virus-induced programmed cell death. Virus-infection altered the biosynthesis of several important metabolites. The biosynthesis potential of morphine, thebaine, codeine, and papaverine alkaloids reduced significantly in infected plants except for noscapine whose biosynthesis was comparatively enhanced. The expression analysis of corresponding alkaloid pathway genes by real time-PCR corroborated well with the results of HPLC analysis for alkaloid perturbations. The changes in the metabolite and alkaloid contents affect the commercial value of the poppy plants

Nations within a nation: variations in epidemiological transition across the states of India, 1990–2016 in the Global Burden of Disease Study

18% of the world's population lives in India, and many states of India have populations similar to those of large countries. Action to effectively improve population health in India requires availability of reliable and comprehensive state-level estimates of disease burden and risk factors over time. Such comprehensive estimates have not been available so far for all major diseases and risk factors. Thus, we aimed to estimate the disease burden and risk factors in every state of India as part of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2016

Calibration of the CMS hadron calorimeters using proton-proton collision data at root s=13 TeV

Methods are presented for calibrating the hadron calorimeter system of theCMSetector at the LHC. The hadron calorimeters of the CMS experiment are sampling calorimeters of brass and scintillator, and are in the form of one central detector and two endcaps. These calorimeters cover pseudorapidities vertical bar eta vertical bar ee data. The energy scale of the outer calorimeters has been determined with test beam data and is confirmed through data with high transverse momentum jets. In this paper, we present the details of the calibration methods and accuracy.Peer reviewe

Significance and prospective of "Consumer Protection Act" deliberations for the dentist

Practicing medicine in India has revolutionized during the last five decades affecting the health-care delivery in both positive and negative directions. This actually let the establishment of norm that would legally govern the medical treatment and make it answerable everyway; therefore, doctors were covered by various laws. Moreover, the doctor-patient relationship has undergone a transition throughout the ages. This liaison was primarily between a patient in quest of help and a doctor whose decisions were silently compiled with by the patient. Medical negligence arises from an act or omission by a medical/dental practitioner, which no reasonably-competent and careful practitioner would have committed. Here, authors have sought the Consumer Protection Act and related legal-issues that may assist dental professionals to be on a legally safer side

Paenibacillus lentimorbus Inoculation Enhances Tobacco Growth and Extenuates the Virulence of Cucumber mosaic virus.

Previous studies with Paenibacillus lentimorbus B-30488" (hereafter referred as B-30488), a plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) isolated from cow's milk, revealed its capabilities to improve plant quality under normal and stress conditions. Present study investigates its potential as a biocontrol agent against an economically important virus, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), in Nicotiana tabacum cv. White Burley plants and delineates the physical, biophysical, biochemical and molecular perturbations due to the trilateral interactions of PGPR-host-CMV. Soil inoculation of B-30488 enhanced the plant vigor while significantly decreased the virulence and virus RNA accumulation by ~12 fold (91%) in systemic leaves of CMV infected tobacco plants as compared to the control ones. Histology of these leaves revealed the improved tissue's health and least aging signs in B-30488 inoculated tobacco plants, with or without CMV infection, and showed lesser intercellular spaces between collenchyma cells, reduced amount of xyloglucans and pectins in connecting primary cells, and higher polyphenol accumulation in hypodermis layer extending to collenchyma cells. B-30488 inoculation has favorably maneuvered the essential biophysical (ion leakage and photosynthetic efficiency) and biochemical (sugar, proline, chlorophyll, malondialdehyde, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase) attributes of tobacco plants to positively regulate and release the virus stress. Moreover, activities of defense related enzymes (ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase) induced due to CMV-infection were ameliorated with inoculation of B-30488, suggesting systemic induced resistance mediated protection against CMV in tobacco. The quantitative RT-PCR analyses of the genes related to normal plant development, stress and pathogenesis also corroborate well with the biochemical data and revealed the regulation (either up or down) of these genes in favor of plant to combat the CMV mediated stress. These improvements led tobacco plant to produce more flowers and seeds with no negative impact on plant health. The present study may advocate the applicability of B-30488 for crop yield improvement in virus infested areas

B-30488 inoculation improved defense system in tobacco plants.

<p>Graphs of defense related enzyme (SOD, APX, GPX and CAT) activity in systemic leaf of <i>N</i>. <i>tabacum</i> cv. White Burley plant collected from each treatment (Control, B-30488, CMV and B-30488+CMV) revealing the improved defense ability of bacterized plant against the CMV infection. The data was calculated at 28 dpi.</p

ACP and ALP activities also increased in B-30488 inoculated tobacco plants.

<p>Graphs of soil phosphatases (acid and alkaline phosphatase) in root rhizosphere of <i>N</i>. <i>tabacum</i> cv. White Burley plant taken from each treatment (Control, B-30488, CMV and B-30488+CMV) revealing the improved phosphate uptake efficiency in soil inoculated plant. The data was calculated at 28 dpi.</p

PGPR promoted the tobacco health and reduced virus load.

<p>(a) <i>N</i>. <i>tabacum</i> cv. White Burley plants showing induced growth at 28 dpi in B-30488 treated plant with or without CMV infection as compared to healthy (control) and disease (CMV) plants. (b) A close view of 3^rd tobacco leaf from top showing disease severity and chlorophyll differences. (c) Ethidium bromide stained agarose gel image showing high virus accumulation in leaf of CMV infected plant (CMV) as compared to B-30488 protected plant (B-30488+CMV). (d) Graphical representation of viral RNA load suggesting high CMV accumulation in infected tobacco (CMV) plant as compared to B-30488 protected plant (B-30488+CMV). Concentration of viral RNA was quantified by semi-quantitative PCR using CMV-coat protein (CP) gene specific internal primers and tobacco elongation factor 1alpha (EF1α) gene was used as an internal plant control. (e) Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of upper leaves showing virus accumulation levels at 28 dpi. Plants were challenged with inoculum diluted ten times prepared from the leaves of tobacco infected with <i>Cucumber mosaic virus</i> (CMV)-A. Bar lines on each histogram indicate the standard error.</p

B-30488 inoculation improved the biochemical characters in tobacco plants.

<p>Graphs for biochemical (chlorophyll, sugar, proline and MDA) characters in systemic leaf of <i>N</i>. <i>tabacum</i> cv. White Burley plant collected from each treatment (Control, B-30488, CMV and B-30488+CMV) revealing the improved plant efficiency in bacterized plant. The data was calculated at 28 dpi.</p

Hisology of tobacco leaf suggesting PGPR mediated tissue improvements.

<p>The leaf vasculature of (a) control (b) B30488 (c) virus infected (d) B30488 + virus treated plants showing relatively undifferentiated casparium (cp) and pericycle (p) in virus infected plants. All the pictures were taken at 10X magnification.</p