Some parasitic worms in freshwater fishes and fish-predators from the Transvaal, South Africa

This report concerns a collection of parasitic worms from South Africa, and contains a new species of monogenean, Gyrodactylus transvaalensis, six species of adult  trematodes, including a new species of Phyllodistomum.P. van der waali, two  metacercariae of the Family Clinostomidae and three of the Order Strigeida, as well as two species of cestodes, and larvae of the nematode genus Contracaecum. The adults of previously-known helminths are redescribed, with some remarks on their systematics and biology. Accompanying the material of the new gyrodactylid monogenean there is a specimen which is thought to be a giant of the new form, and this appears to be the first recorded suggestion of the occurrence of gigantism in the Monogenea, and in fact in any kind of helminth

Phosphonium ionic liquid based salen ligands for use in catalysis

1 online resource (viii, 70 p.) : ill.Includes abstract and appendix.Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-61).Salen ligands and their corresponding complexes are well known in the field of asymmetric catalysis due to their success in stereoselective reactions. A method that easily allows for recycling of the catalyst without degradation of catalytic activity would make them more industrially viable. The generation of a Task Specific Ionic Liquid (TSIL) by attaching tributylphosphonium moieties to Jacobsen’s ligand could promote the entrainment of the catalyst in an ionic liquid (IL). This would potentially create a recyclable system where the desired product can be extracted, leaving the IL/catalyst layer behind ready for reuse. The racemic and asymmetric versions of the ligand, 5,5'-(1E,1'E)-(cyclohexane-1,2-diylbis(azan-1-yl-1-ylidene))bis(methan-1-yl-1-ylidene)bis(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5,1-phenylene)bis(methylene)bis(tributylphosphonium) hexafluoridophosphate, as well as their respective copper complexes were successfully synthesized and characterized. These were applied to aziridinations of styrene, using tosyliminophenyliodinane (PhINTs) as a nitrene source, in both acetonitrile and three different ILs. Acetonitrile generated yields of up to 88%, however no product was extracted from 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluoridophosphate, tetradecyl(trihexyl) phosphonium hexafluoridophosphate and chloride

Rethinking Legislative Consent Law?

This book is designed to be used as a supplemental text in children's literature and reading/language art courses at the pre-service and graduate levels. The text contains seven chapters: three of wich set the stage for teaching effectively with childern's literature and four of wich provide examples of activities using specific children's books.xv, 164 p.; ill.: 28 c

Coregulated human globin genes are frequently in spatial proximity when active

The organization of genes within the nucleus may influence transcription. We have analyzed the nuclear positioning of the coordinately regulated α- and β-globin genes and show that the gene-dense chromatin surrounding the human α-globin genes is frequently decondensed, independent of transcription. Against this background, we show the frequent juxtaposition of active α- and β-globin genes and of homologous α-globin loci that occurs at nuclear speckles and correlates with transcription. However, we did not see increased colocalization of signals, which would be expected with direct physical interaction. The same degree of proximity does not occur between human β-globin genes or between murine globin genes, which are more constrained to their chromosome territories. Our findings suggest that the distribution of globin genes within erythroblast nuclei is the result of a self-organizing process, involving transcriptional status, diffusional ability of chromatin, and physical interactions with nuclear proteins, rather than a directed form of higher-order control

Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for second-line treatment of paediatric convulsive status epilepticus (EcLiPSE): a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial

Background Phenytoin is the recommended second-line intravenous anticonvulsant for treatment of paediatric convulsive status epilepticus in the UK; however, some evidence suggests that levetiracetam could be an effective and safer alternative. This trial compared the efficacy and safety of phenytoin and levetiracetam for second-line management of paediatric convulsive status epilepticus.Methods This open-label, randomised clinical trial was undertaken at 30 UK emergency departments at secondary and tertiary care centres. Participants aged 6 months to under 18 years, with convulsive status epilepticus requiring second-line treatment, were randomly assigned (1:1) using a computer-generated randomisation schedule to receive levetiracetam (40 mg/kg over 5 min) or phenytoin (20 mg/kg over at least 20 min), stratified by centre. The primary outcome was time from randomisation to cessation of convulsive status epilepticus, analysed in the modified intention-to-treat population (excluding those who did not require second-line treatment after randomisation and those who did not provide consent). This trial is registered with ISRCTN, number ISRCTN22567894.Findings Between July 17, 2015, and April 7, 2018, 1432 patients were assessed for eligibility. After exclusion of ineligible patients, 404 patients were randomly assigned. After exclusion of those who did not require second-line treatment and those who did not consent, 286 randomised participants were treated and had available data: 152 allocated to levetiracetam, and 134 to phenytoin. Convulsive status epilepticus was terminated in 106 (70%) children in the levetiracetam group and in 86 (64%) in the phenytoin group. Median time from randomisation to cessation of convulsive status epilepticus was 35 min (IQR 20 to not assessable) in the levetiracetam group and 45 min (24 to not assessable) in the phenytoin group (hazard ratio 1·20, 95% CI 0·91–1·60; p=0·20). One participant who received levetiracetam followed by phenytoin died as a result of catastrophic cerebral oedema unrelated to either treatment. One participant who received phenytoin had serious adverse reactions related to study treatment (hypotension considered to be immediately life-threatening [a serious adverse reaction] and increased focal seizures and decreased consciousness considered to be medically significant [a suspected unexpected serious adverse reaction]). Interpretation Although levetiracetam was not significantly superior to phenytoin, the results, together with previously reported safety profiles and comparative ease of administration of levetiracetam, suggest it could be an appropriate alternative to phenytoin as the first-choice, second-line anticonvulsant in the treatment of paediatric convulsive status epilepticus