A case-control study to evaluate risk factors for ectopic pregnancy

Background: Morbidity and mortality associated with ectopic pregnancy are directly related to the length of time required for diagnosis. Knowledge of risk factors for ectopic pregnancy will help an obstetrician to suspect and diagnose the condition early. Therefore, the present study was designed to identify potential risk factors and to evaluate the contribution of the risk factors in ectopic pregnancy.Methods: Study population consists of 65 women with ectopic pregnancy and for each ectopic case one woman with first trimester intrauterine pregnancy was recruited as control. Data were retrieved from all through a structured proforma. Data were analyzed statistically.Results: Various significant risk factors for ectopic pregnancy found were pelvic inflammatory disease, tubal ligation, age above 30 yrs, previous use of IUCD, low socio-economic status, tubal infertility and genital tuberculosis while no significant association was seen with smoking, age below 30 years, history of prior induced abortion, oral contraceptive pills and clomiphene citrate.Conclusions: Increase awareness and knowledge of risk factors will help obstetricians to suspect and diagnose ectopic pregnancy early and accurately and enable them to plan medical treatment. Surgical treatment will be reserved for ruptured ectopic pregnancy and haemodynamically unstable patients

Comparative assessment of fetomaternal outcome in twin pregnancy with singleton pregnancy at tertiary care centre

Background: Multiple pregnancy remains one of the highest risk situations for the mother, foetus and neonate despite recent advances in obstetrics, perinatal and neonatal care. Twin pregnancies have increased rates of obstetric and perinatal complications compared to singletons Objective of present study was comparative assessment of fetomaternal outcome in twin pregnancy with singleton pregnancy in Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department of S.M.S. Medical College, Jaipur.Methods: This was a hospital based, prospective observational study done in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. S.M.S. Medical College, Jaipur from April 2015 to March 2016. 150 women with twin pregnancy and 150 women with singleton pregnancies at gestation age of 28 weeks and above coming for delivery and consented for the study were included in the study. Women with chronic medical disorder or chronic hypertension were excluded from the study. Maternal and neonatal outcome recorded and analysed.Results: Occurrence of twin in our study was 2.82%. Risk of preterm labour was about nine times higher in twin pregnancies than the singleton (OR: 2.74, 95% CI; 1.4494-5.1884, P value 0.001). The risk of premature rupture of membrane was increased by 2.74 times in twin pregnancies (OR:2.74; 95% CI: 1.4494-5.1884, p value .001). There was 3-time increased risk of malpresentation (OR 3.14; CI:1.7184-5.7480, p value .00002) and 2.28 times increase in hypertensive disorder (OR 2.28; 95% CI: 1.0727-4.8823, p value .03) in twin pregnancies. The risk of asphyxia and septicaemia was 2.5 times more in twins.Conclusions: Twin pregnancy is a high-risk pregnancy with more complications in mother and foetus and is a great challenge for obstetrician. So, it should be managed carefully at tertiary care centre to reduce the maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity

4-Dimensional printing: exploring current and future capabilities in biomedical and healthcare systems—a Concise review

4-Dimensional Printing (4DP) is the latest concept in the pharmacy and biomedical segment with enormous potential in dosage from personalization and medication designing, which adopts time as the fourth dimension, giving printed structures the flexibility to modify their morphology. It can be defined as the fabrication in morphology with the help of smart/intelligent materials like polymers that permit the final object to alter its properties, shape, or function in response to external stimuli such as heat, light, pH, and moisture. The applications of 4DP in biomedicines and healthcare are explored with a focus on tissue engineering, artificial organs, drug delivery, pharmaceutical and biomedical field, etc. In the medical treatments and pharmaceutical field 4DP is paving the way with unlimited potential applications; however, its mainstream use in healthcare and medical treatments is highly dependent on future developments and thorough research findings. Therefore, previous innovations with smart materials are likely to act as precursors of 4DP in many industries. This review highlights the most recent applications of 4DP technology and smart materials in biomedical and healthcare fields which can show a better perspective of 4DP applications in the future. However, in view of the existing limitations, major challenges of this technology must be addressed along with some suggestions for future research. We believe that the application of proper regulatory constraints with 4DP technology would pave the way for the next technological revolution in the biomedical and healthcare sectors

(E)-N-(4-(2-(N-benzylidene) hydrazine carbonyl)phenyl)pyridine-4-sulfonamide Schiff bases: Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, thermo gravimetric analysis and antimicrobial activity

A new library of Schiff base scaffolds comprising pyridine sulphonamide moiety were synthesized from typical conventional method by the reaction of Ethyl 4-(N-methyl-pyridine-4-sulphonamide)phenyl hydrazide with different aromatic aldehydes derivatives containing hetero atom under reduced pressure. All the synthesized molecules were obtained with excellent yield especially the compounds containing hetero nucleus and nitrogen analogue. The chemical structures of sulpho-pyridine based schiff base were authenticated by analytical techniques viz. FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Mass spectra and Elemental composition. Newly generated compounds were also analyzed for their thermal behavior and found stable below 250 °C. The synthetic analogue was also subjected to screen for their antimicrobial activity against six pathogens. Results revealed that schiff base comprising hetero-atom, Nitro & methoxy group displayed excellent activity while other scaffolds display moderate activity

Visible-light induced photocatalytic mineralization of methylene green dye using BaCrO₄photocatalyst

513-519The photocatalytic degradation of a hazardous methylene green dye solution has been reported. The effects of various parameters such as catalyst loading, pH, initial concentration of the dye, concentration of H2O2 and K2S2O8, concentration of NaCl and Na2 CO3, N2 and O2 bubbling, and intensity of light on decolourization have been investigated. The photocatalytic removal of methylene green dye and its degradation efficiency has been evaluated by determination of reduction in the chemical oxygen demand (COD) from 440 mg/L to 5 mg/L and increase in CO2 values from 9 mg/L to 212 mg/L in 7 h. A decrease in pH and increase in conductivity of solution is observed with increase in the extent of mineralization. The extent of decolourization has been discussed in terms of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. The rate of decolourization of dye is recorded with respect to the change in the intensity of absorption peak in visible region. The prominent peak at λmax, i.e., 650 nm decreases gradually and finally disappears indicating that the dye is decolourized. Similarly the peak in the UV region at 300 nm decreases with the passage of time, thereby confirming the complete mineralization of the dye

ISSN 2347-954X (Print) To Study the Fetomaternal Outcome and Progress of Labour among Induced versus Spontaneous Labour in Nulliparous Women (Using Modified WHO Partograph)

Abstract: The objective of this study was to compare the progress and outcome of induced versus spontaneous labour among nulliparous women using the modified WHO partograph. It was a study comparing nulliparous women with induced labour and those with spontaneous onset of labour, monitored by using modified WHO partograph. 145 women with term singleton pregnancy were included in each group. Outcome measures were the mean duration of labour, mode of delivery and the feto-maternal outcomes. There was no difference in the mean age in two groups. More women had spontaneous vaginal delivery among those with spontaneous labour (88.96% versus 80%) (p=0.0396). The mean duration of second stage of labour was significantly more in induced labour (16.34 minutes) than in spontaneous labour (14.72 minutes) (p=0.0212). The mean duration of latent phase was significantly reduced in induced (5.34 hours) as compared to spontaneous group (6.82 hours) (p=0.00). The mean APGAR scores were comparable in two groups. Induced labour is comparable to spontaneous labour regarding fetomaternal outcomes but with increased rate of caesarean deliveries