Information content versus word length in random typing

Recently, it has been claimed that a linear relationship between a measure of information content and word length is expected from word length optimization and it has been shown that this linearity is supported by a strong correlation between information content and word length in many languages (Piantadosi et al. 2011, PNAS 108, 3825-3826). Here, we study in detail some connections between this measure and standard information theory. The relationship between the measure and word length is studied for the popular random typing process where a text is constructed by pressing keys at random from a keyboard containing letters and a space behaving as a word delimiter. Although this random process does not optimize word lengths according to information content, it exhibits a linear relationship between information content and word length. The exact slope and intercept are presented for three major variants of the random typing process. A strong correlation between information content and word length can simply arise from the units making a word (e.g., letters) and not necessarily from the interplay between a word and its context as proposed by Piantadosi et al. In itself, the linear relation does not entail the results of any optimization process

Constant conditional entropy and related hypotheses

Constant entropy rate (conditional entropies must remain constant as the sequence length increases) and uniform information density (conditional probabilities must remain constant as the sequence length increases) are two information theoretic principles that are argued to underlie a wide range of linguistic phenomena. Here we revise the predictions of these principles in the light of Hilberg's law on the scaling of conditional entropy in language and related laws. We show that constant entropy rate (CER) and two interpretations for uniform information density (UID), full UID and strong UID, are inconsistent with these laws. Strong UID implies CER but the reverse is not true. Full UID, a particular case of UID, leads to costly uncorrelated sequences that are totally unrealistic. We conclude that CER and its particular cases are incomplete hypotheses about the scaling of conditional entropies.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

UTILIZAÇÃO DO DIAGRAMA V EM ATIVIDADES EXPERIMENTAIS DE MAGNETISMO EM SALA DE AULA DE ENSINO MÉDIO

This paper presents the development of an experimental setup that may be used in High School Physics classes to reproduce one of versions of Michael Faraday’s (1791-1867) experiment, created in September 1821. This experiment was able to produce a continuous movement due to the action of an electric current, characterizing the first continuous electric motor ever built. The experimental apparatus and the historical aspects involved in the Faraday’s electric motor were presented to the general community, elementary, high school and undergraduate students who attended the III Física de Portas Abertas, held on 4th and 5th November in Blumenau-SC, Brazil. The presentation arousedinterest from visitors regarding the History of Physics and surprise about the origin of the electric motorEste trabalho está embasado em um trabalho de mestrado no qual é apresentado a utilização do Diagrama V em uma atividade experimental de Magnetismo em Sala de Aula com estudantes da 3ª série do Ensino Médio de uma escola estadual pública. É descrito o Diagrama V utilizado, o desenvolvimento da atividade, os resultados encontrados nas análises dos Diagramas Vs. O instrumento de Coleta de dados, Orientação e avaliação foi o Vê Epistemológico de Gowin, chamado nesse trabalho de Diagrama V. Os resultados revelaram que o Diagrama V foi bem aceito pelos estudantes que não mostraram resistência em trabalhar com esse recurso. A abrangência teórico-metodológica do Diagrama V permitiu, também, mapear erros conceituais dos estudantes que, muitas vezes, não são devidamente observados através de instrumentos tradicionais de avaliação, tais como, provas e relatórios

Assessment of the food-water-energy nexus suitability of rooftops. A methodological remote sensing approach in an urban Mediterranean area

Altres ajuts: Acord transformatiu CRUE-CSICUnidad de excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2019-000940-MThis work established a framework to identify and analyze the technical feasibility of roofs for integrating urban agriculture, rainwater harvesting, and photovoltaic systems using various remote sensing. The framework was applied to a region north of Barcelona. Three levels of solar access requirements for tomatoes, leafy crops, strawberries, and microgreens were established. The case study included compact and disperse urban forms, residential and nonresidential building uses and various building typologies. It was identified that 8% of the roof area is feasible for tomato and lettuce production, and production could satisfy the 210% of average intake of tomatoes and the 21% average yearly consumption of lettuce. Rainwater harvesting systems could supply 94.26% of the water requirements for lettuce growing in an open-air system; in contrast, 53% of irrigation could be satisfied for tomato production in rooftop greenhouse systems. The results showed a potential for 80% of roof area to be used for rainwater harvesting systems, representing the average yearly water consumption of 44% of citizens for laundry, showering, toilet flushing, cleaning and irrigation uses. Finally, 50% of the roofs are suitable for photovoltaic panels, representing an average energy consumption of 18% of citizens

Differences in E-Cadherin and Syndecan-1 Expression in Different Types of Ameloblastomas

Ameloblastomas are a group of benign, locally aggressive, recurrent tumors characterized by their slow and infiltrative growth. ECadherin and syndecan-1 are cell adhesion molecules related to the behavior of various tumors, including ameloblastomas. Ninetynine ameloblastoma samples were studied; the expression of E-cadherin and syndecan-1 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. E-Cadherin and epithelial syndecan-1 were more highly expressed in intraluminal/luminal unicystic ameloblastom a than in mural unicystic ameloblastoma and solid/multicystic ameloblastoma, whereas the stromal expression of syndecan-1 was higher in mural unicystic ameloblastoma and solid/multicystic ameloblastoma. Synchronicity was observed between E-cadherin and epithelial syndecan-1; the expression was correlated with intensity in all cases. There was a strong association between expression and tumor size and recurrence. The evaluation of the expression of E-cadherin and syndecan-1 are important for determining the potential aggressiveness of ameloblastoma variants. Future studies are required to understand how the expression of these markers is related to tumor aggressiveness

COMPORTAMENTO DOS BANCOS NO TWITTER E SEUS EFEITOS SOBRE A IMAGEM DA MARCA

Atualmente, muitas organizac¸ões têm usado as mídias sociais como ferramenta de tecnologia para aprimorar o relacionamento com clientes e melhorar seus resultados. No Brasil, o setor financeiro tem adotado o Twitter como ferramenta de tecnologia de informac¸ão e comunicac¸ão (TIC) para interagir com seus clientes. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar como as instituic¸ões financeiras usam as redes sociais como ferramenta de TIC − mais especificamente o Twitter − e como essas TICs têm contribuído para a formac¸ão da imagem de suas marcas. Para tanto, foi conduzida uma pesquisa descritiva, na qual foi feito o monitoramento dos perfis das contas-chave e dos perfis destinados às func¸ões de SAC (Servic¸o de Atendimento ao Cliente) de cinco grandes instituic¸ões financeiras brasileiras na rede social Twitter. Foi analisado o conteúdo de 1.080 mensagens coletadas no Twitter das instituic¸ões financeiras alvo deste estudo. Verificou-se que há diferenc¸as no comportamento das instituic¸ões quando essas interagem por meio dos perfis de contas SAC ou por meio de perfis de contas-chave. O estudo identifica a necessidade de as instituic¸ões adotarem a rede social Twitter como ferramenta de TIC, em busca da formac¸ão de uma imagem mais coesa e alinhada com seus objetivos. Além disso, observou-se, entre as instituic¸ões financeiras privadas e públicas, um comportamento diferente em relac¸ão ao uso do Twitter para as contas-chave e para as contas destinadas às func¸ões de SAC

C-reactive protein gene rs1205 polymorphism is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation in postmenopausal women

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in postmenopausal women, and inflammation is a key mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) has been used as a biomarker of inflammation. Considering that CRP gene rs1205 polymorphism has been associated with hs-CRP circulating levels, we evaluated whether rs1205 genotypes influence the presence of low-grade chronic inflammation, acting as a marker of cardiovascular risk. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study with biobanked blood samples from 327 postmenopausal women with no evidence of clinical disease. Genotyping for rs1205 C > T SNP of the CRP gene was done by real-time polymerase chain reaction with allelic discrimination assays. Results Mean age was 55.6 ± 5.6 years. Mean body mass index (BMI) was 27.3 ± 4.7. Participants were divided according to hs-CRP levels: ≥3 mg/l (low-grade chronic inflammation) or < 3 mg/l. The frequency of allele C at rs1205 was 74.2% in the hs-CRP ≥ 3 mg/l group vs. 59% in the hs-CRP < 3 mg/l. In a multivariable model, higher prevalence of hs-CRP ≥ 3 mg/l was associated with CC genotype (PR 1.53; 95%CI 1.07–2.18; p = 0.018) and waist circumference ≥ 88 cm (PR 2.45; 95%CI 1.66–3.60; p < 0.001). Conclusions CRP rs1205 CC homozygotes may be at higher risk of a low-grade chronic inflammatory status compared to individuals carrying the T allele

Mundos Virtuais como Suporte à Aprendizagem – Uma Avaliação na Implementação de Projetos de Aprendizagem

Os mundos virtuais sempre foram utilizados nas áreas de jogos e ambientes de simulação, mas, atualmente, as pessoas estão vislumbrando outras possibilidades unindo o entretenimento e aprendizagem. Professores têm a possibilidade de utilizar os mundos virtuais como uma forma de tecnologia da informação e comunicação em sala de aula, para dinamizar as aulas apoiando o processo de aprendizagem, criando situações que levam o aluno à construção do conhecimento. Este trabalho apresenta uma contribuição ao uso de mundos virtuais para dar suporte à aprendizagem e é feita uma avaliação analisando o suporte tecnológico dos mundos virtuais para apoiar a realização de projetos de aprendizagem

Relato de experiências em espaços makers nas escolas do ensino fundamental

Robótica Educativa surgiu com a proposta de tornar-se lúdicas e interessantes explorando conceitos presentes no currículo escolar. This work is related a youth in an instrumental missionary in ensino fundamental in school schools of Vila Velha in the Espírito Santo. Para o desenvolvimento deste relato de experiências em múltiplos projetos, desafios e trabalhos que resolvem problemas integrando como múltiplas disciplinas