Lexicografie in Nederland : Peilingen in de negentiende en twintigste eeuw

Janssen, Th.A.J.M. [Promotor]Noordegraaf, J. [Copromotor

État des lieux de la pensée écocritique française

Key words: écocritique française, littérature et écologie, représentation littéraire du paysage, Nathalie Blanc, éthique animale  Ecocriticism may be in its infancy in France, yet it has the potential to make a distinctive contribution. The few current French members of ASLE generally work in American Studies. However, their focus on narrative strategy and poetic structures suggests a difference in approach which parallels that between French political ecology and Anglo-American thinking on the environment. The editors of a recent ecocritical publication identified the central question for their compatriots as one of literary aesthetics. Current research in France includes work on literary landscapes, animals and the aesthetics of urban environments. There are, of course, also ecocritics writing in French outside France. Palabras clave: ecocrítica francesa, literatura y ecología, representación literaria del paisaje, Nathalie Blanc, ética animal Puede que la ecocrítica en Francia aún esté en su infancia, pero tiene el potencial para hacer una contribución distintiva.  Los pocos miembros franceses de ASLE en la actualidad trabajan generalmente Estudios Norteamericanos. Sin embargo, su foco en la estrategia narrativa y en las estructuras poéticas sugiere una diferencia en el enfoque paralela a la que hay entre la ecología política francesa  y el pensamiento medioambiental anglo-americano. Los editores de una reciente publicación ecocrítica identificaron para sus compatriotas la cuestión central como una de estética literaria. La investigación actual en Francia incluye el trabajo sobre paisajes literarios, sobre animales, y sobre la estética de entornos urbanos. Por supuesto, también hay fuera de Francia ecocríticos/as que escriben en francés

Innovations in risk insurance models

Smallholder farmers face a range of risks related to production, transactions and human resources which often impact on their farming operations as well as their livelihoods. Farm output may vary from season to season because of the vagaries of the weather, especially in countries where agriculture is predominantly rain-fed. Crop production can also be affected by diseases, pests and other natural factors. They face human resource risks associated with death, disease and disability affecting the farmer and his/her family members. They may incur losses as a result of inability to enforce contracts and may themselves be vulnerable to legal risks arising from farm legislations or regulatory standards. Smallholder farmers are also exposed to uncertain access to markets and high price risks which may sometimes occur, or are accentuated by inefficiencies in markets or policy interventions. This policy brief provides an overview of different insurance tools that can be used by farmers to manage risks

A method to detect baseline emission and plant damage induced volatile emission in a greenhouse

The objective of this research was to ascertain if 1) baseline emission and 2) damage induced emission of volatile plant substances could be detected under greenhouse conditions. A laboratory method was validated for analysing the air in a semi-closed greenhouse with 44 m2 floor area. This greenhouse, with a volume of 270 m3, was climate controlled and light was supplied with assimilation lamps. Sixty tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Moneymaker) were grown in this greenhouse. These plants were artificially damaged on a weekly interval by stroking the stems. Continuous flow pumps were used to purge the air surrounding the plants through tubes containing an adsorbent. This sampling step was performed before and directly after damage of the plants. After sampling, the tubes were transferred to the lab for analysis. The analysis of volatile compounds was performed using a high-throughput gas chromatography-mass spectrometry system. The method enabled the detection of baseline level emission and the emission of volatiles released after artificially damaging the tomato plants during a 6 weeks growing period. Most dominant compounds for baseline emission were the monoterpenes ß-phellandrene, 2-carene, limonene, ¿-phellandrene and ¿-pinene. Directly after damage, these compounds showed an increase of up to 100 times compared to baseline level emission. With these results, we prove that it is possible to detect baseline- and plant damage induced volatile emission in a greenhouse. This area of research is promising but more research needs to be done to determine whether it is possible to detect plant damage due to pests and pathogens using volatile sensing

The distinction between absolute and relative tenses with reference to Zulu (and other Bantu languages)

Most prominent linguists who have studied tense accept that a distinction has to be drawn between two tense systems, namely absolute and relative tense. In the case of the absolute tenses the temporal interpretation of events is done from coding time (the deictic centre). The deictic centre serves as origo for the temporal interpretation of the events. However, in the case of relative tenses the temporal interpretation of the events is not done directly from coding time, but from a specific reference point that is situated in a particular relation to the coding time (the deictic centre). In spite of the publication of a number of grammars on the Bantu languages in recent years, Bantu linguists still do not distinguish systematically between absolute and relative tenses. The two aspects of tense that will be investigated in this article are the description of the differences between the absolute and relative tenses and the labelling of the individual tense forms. The focus (as far as the language data is concerned) is on Zulu, a Bantu language in the South-eastern Zone of Bantu speaking Africa. Zulu is the language with the largest number of mother tongue speakers in South Africa (comprising 22,9% of the total population) and is one of the eleven official languages of South Africa together with (in descending order) Xhosa (17,9%), Afrikaans (14.4%), Northern Sotho (9,2%), English (8,6%), Tswana (8,2%), Southern Sotho (7,7%), Tsonga (4,4%), Swazi (2,5%), Venda (2,2%) and Ndebele (1,5%)Los lingüistas más eminentes que han estudiado el tiempo verbal aceptan que se ha de trazar una distinción entre los dos sistemas de tiempo verbal, es decir, el tiempo verbal absoluto y el relativo. En el caso de los tiempos verbales absolutos la interpretación temporal de los acontecimientos se realiza mediante una codificación temporal (el centro deícitico). El centro deíctico actúa como origo para la interpretación temporal de los acontecimientos. Sin embargo, en el caso de los tiempos verbales relativos la interpretación temporal de los acontecimientos no se realiza directamente mediante una codificación temporal, sino mediante un punto de referencia específico que se sitúa en una relación particular con el tiempo codificado (el centro deíctico). A pesar de la publicación de varias gramáticas de las lenguas bantúes en los últimos años, los lingüistas especializados en dichas lengua aún no distinguen de forma sistemática entre los tiempos verbales absolutos y relativos. Los dos aspectos del tiempo verbal que se estudiarán en este artículo serán la descripción de las diferencias entre los tiempos verbales absolutos y relativos y la denominación individualizada de las formas del tiempo verbal. El interés (por lo que se refiera a datos lingüísticos) se centrará en el zulú, una lengua bantú, una lengua sitiada en la zona sureste del África bantú-hablante. El zulú es la lengua de Sudáfrica con un mayor número de hablantes nativos (llegando a un total del 22,9% de la población) y es una de las once lenguas oficiales del país junto a (en orden decreciente de hablantes nativos) el xhosa (17,9%), al afrikaans (14,4%), el sotho del norte (9,2%), el inglés (8,6%), el tswana (8,2%), el sotho del sur (7,7%), el tsonga (4,4%), el swazi (2,5%), el venda (2,2%) y el ndebele (1,5%

Coherence, correlation and coincidences in multiple electron capture by highly charged ions

De reacties die in dit proefschrift worden beschreven, zijn bedoeld om twee- en meervoudige elektroneninvangst te onderzoeken. Hiertoe wordt een bundel hooggeladen ionen op een gasvormig doelwit gericht. Indien zo'n ion elektronen van een gasdeeltje invangt, blijken deze na de invangst in eerste instantie nog zwak gebonden (sterk aangeslagen) te zijn, dwz. dat de elektronen in atomaire schillen met een relatief grote gemiddelde afstand tussen kern en elektronen, terechtkomen. Kort daarna treedt spontaan verval op: er vinden overgangen plaats naar minder aangeslagen toestanden, waarin de elektronen zich gemiddeld dichter bij de kern bevinden. Wanneer een deeltje spontaan overgaat van de ene toestand in de andere, komt er energie vrij, en wel precies het verschil in bindingsenergie van de twee toestanden. De bindingsenergie is een typerend kenmerk van een atomaire toestand, en derhalve kan men doorgaans aan de vrijkomende energie de atomaire toestanden herkennen. Indien er één elektron is ingevangen, komt de energie vrij in de vorm van licht: erwordt een foton uitgezonden. Na invangst van twee of meer elektronen wordt veelal een van de elektronen uitgezonden, terwijl het andere in een binnenschil terechtkomt (autoionisatie). Aan de snelheid (energie) van het uitgezonden elektron kan men dan de atomaire toestanden herkennen. Het meten van elektronen en hun energie vormt in het beschreven onderzoek de basis voor het verzamelen van experimentele gegevens. Zie: Samenvattin

A crop of one's own? Women’s experiences of cassava commercialization in Nigeria and Malawi

Improving the effectiveness of agricultural markets for economic growth and poverty reduction has been a central focus for development initiatives, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. Staple crops with low input requirements and drought tolerance, such as cassava, are being promoted for market development due to their accessibility for poor smallholder farmers. Narratives often equate commercialization of cassava to benefits for women, as cassava is commonly labelled a ‘women’s crop’. However, little is known about whether or how women can engage with new cassava commercial opportunities and the livelihood outcomes from this, particularly given the importance of cassava for food security. Findings from fieldwork in Nigeria and Malawi identify cassava value chains that offer different opportunities and challenges for women, which are often overlooked in agricultural development narratives. Women can gainfully participate in new commercial cassava opportunities while maintaining, if not increasing, food security. However, this is highly dependent on gender norms and household relations. Greater attention is required to these more difficult aspects of gender analysis in development projects to ensure women’s integration and benefit from agricultural market

Ecotoxicologische Ernstig Risico Concentraties voor bodem, sediment en (grond)water: herziene voorstellen voor de eerste serie stoffen. Annex

This annex is supplementary to RIVM report 711701020, 'Ecotoxicological Serious Risk Concentrations for soil, sediment and (ground)water: updated proposals for first series of compounds' (E.M.J. Verbruggen, R. Posthumus and A.P. van Wezel). For the compounds considered in this report, which were not yet evaluated in the context of the project 'Setting Integrated Environmental Quality Standards', new toxicity data have been searched for. Further, additional toxicity data were collected for chlorophenols. These toxicity data are incorporated in this annex. The data are single species toxicity data for terrestrial and aquatic organisms and effect data on terrestrial processes. All toxicity data on aquatic and terrestrial organisms refer to effects that may affect the species at the population level

Dissociation and ionization of small molecules steered by external noise

We show that ionization and dissociation can be influenced separately in a molecule with appropriate external noise. Specifically we investigate the hydrogen molecular ion under a stochastic force quantum mechanically beyond the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. We find that up to 30% of dissociation without ionization can be achieved by suitably tuning the forcing parameters.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figure